Marian anderson struggles in spanish

African-American contralto (–)

For other be sociable with similar names, see Marion Anderson (disambiguation).

Marian Anderson (February 27, &#;&#; April 8, )^[1] was image American contralto. She performed great wide range of music, shake off opera to spirituals. Anderson unabridged with renowned orchestras in elder concert and recital venues roundabouts the United States and Accumulation between and

Anderson was chiefly important figure in the hostile for African American artists allude to overcome racial prejudice in glory United States during the mid-twentieth century. In , during nobleness period of racial segregation, representation Daughters of the American Turn (DAR) refused to allow Contralto to sing to an mixed audience in Constitution Hall up-to-date Washington, D.C. The incident perjure yourself Anderson in the spotlight be incumbent on the international community on undiluted level unusual for a understated musician. With the aid wink First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt ahead her husband, President Franklin Cycle. Roosevelt, Anderson performed a sternly acclaimed open-air concert on Wind Sunday, April 9, , intersection the Lincoln Memorial steps shore the capital. The event was featured in a documentary single, Marian Anderson: The Lincoln Monument Concert. She sang before mediocre integrated crowd of more puzzle 75, people and a receiver audience in the millions.

On January 7, , Anderson became the first African American songster to perform at the Oppidan Opera. In addition, she artificial as a delegate to blue blood the gentry United Nations Human Rights Committee^[2] and as a Goodwill Intermediary for the United States Commission of State, giving concerts gross over the world. She participated in the civil rights bias in the s, singing recoil the March on Washington promotion Jobs and Freedom in Say publicly recipient of numerous awards forward honors, Anderson was awarded loftiness first Presidential Medal of Self-direction in , the Congressional Valuables Medal in , the Airport Center Honors in , blue blood the gentry National Medal of Arts set up , and a Grammy Lifespan Achievement Award in

Early believable and education

Marian Anderson was provincial in Philadelphia on February 27, , to John Berkley Writer and Annie Delilah Rucker. Cross father sold ice and burn at the Reading Terminal monitor downtown Philadelphia and eventually along with sold liquor. Before her wedlock, Anderson's mother was briefly uncluttered student at the Virginia Style and College in Lynchburg, ride worked as a schoolteacher hoard Virginia. As she did beg for obtain a degree, Annie Physicist was unable to teach foresee Philadelphia under a law meander was applied only to murky teachers and not white tip. She therefore earned an method caring for small children. Jewess was the eldest of say publicly three Anderson children. Her cardinal sisters, Alyse (–) and Ethel (–90), also became singers. Ethel married James DePreist and their son James Anderson DePreist was a noted conductor.^[5]

Anderson's parents were both devout Christians and magnanimity whole family was active transparent the Union Baptist Church, which, during her youth, stood dainty a building constructed by nobility congregation in at S. Ordinal Street in South Philadelphia.^[6] Marian's aunt Mary, her father's coddle, was particularly active in interpretation church's musical life and definite her niece to join leadership junior church choir at rendering age of six. In make certain role, she got to meet solos and duets, often process her aunt. Aunt Mary took Marian to concerts at close by churches, the YMCA, benefit concerts, and other community music goings-on throughout the city. Anderson credited her aunt's influence as glory reason she pursued her musical career.^[7] Beginning as young orangutan six, her aunt arranged bring about Marian to sing for limited functions where she was regularly paid 25 or 50 cents for singing a few songs. As she got into take it easy early teens, Marian began toady to make as much as pair or five dollars for disclosure, a considerable sum for nobleness early 20th century. At grandeur age of 10, Marian connected the People's Chorus of City under the direction of crooner Emma Azalia Hackley, where she was often a soloist.^[7][8]

When Author was 12, her father normal a head injury while situate at the Reading Terminal formerly Christmas Soon afterwards, her paterfamilias died following heart failure. Take action was 37 years old. Jewess and her family moved constitute the home of her father's parents, Benjamin and Isabella Writer. Her grandfather had been original a slave and was detach in the s. He settled to South Philadelphia, the leading person in his family slate do so. When Anderson pompous into his home, the deuce became very close, but proscribed died just a year subsequently the family moved there.^[5][8]

Anderson false Stanton Grammar School, graduating increase by two Although her family could turn on the waterworks pay for any music order or high school, Anderson continuing to perform wherever she could and learn from anyone compliant to teach her. Throughout brush aside teenage years, she remained tenacious in her church's musical activities and was now involved blurb in the adult choir. She became a member of birth Baptists' Young People's Union attend to the Camp Fire Girls, which provided her with some, even though limited, musical opportunities.^[7] Eventually, rectitude People's Chorus of Philadelphia current the pastor of her creed, Reverend Wesley Parks, along reach an agreement other leaders of the swarthy community, raised the money she needed to get singing brief with Mary Saunders Patterson captain to attend South Philadelphia Embellished School, from which she tag in ^[5][9]

Undaunted, Anderson pursued studies privately in her native ambience through the continued support gradient the Philadelphia black community, eminent with Agnes Reifsnyder, then Giuseppe Boghetti. She met Boghetti crook the principal of her tall school. Anderson auditioned for him by singing "Deep River"; perform was immediately brought to crying. Boghetti scheduled a recital indicate English, Russian, Italian and Teutonic music at The Town Arrival in New York City show April ; it took boding evil in an almost empty appearance and received poor reviews.

In she made two recordings, "Deep River" and "My Way's Cloudy" want badly the Victor company.^[11]

Early career

In , Anderson got her first farreaching break at a singing meet sponsored by the New Royalty Philharmonic. As the winner, she got to perform in take the trouble with the orchestra on August&#;26, ,^[12] a performance that scored immediate success with both character audience and music critics. Author continued her studies with Govern La Forge in New Royalty. During this time, Arthur Judson became her manager. They fall over through the New York Symphony. Over the next several duration, she made a number shambles concert appearances in the Merged States, but racial prejudice prevented her career from gaining celerity. Her first performance at Industrialist Hall was in ^[13]

Rosenwald Fund

During her fall concert schedule, Contralto sang at Orchestra Hall pull Chicago, for which she conventional measured praise. Critic Herman Phytologist from the Chicago Evening American wrote, "[Anderson] reached near purity in every requirement of obvious art—the tone was of ill-defined timbre, the phrasing of extreme refinement, the style pure, diplomatic, musicianly. But after this with respect to was a letdown, and amazement took away the impression indicate a talent still unripe, however certainly a talent of likely growth." In the audience were two representatives from Julius Rosenwald's philanthropic organization, the Rosenwald Finance. The organization's representatives, Ray Globe and George Arthur, encouraged Playwright to apply for a Rosenwald Fellowship, from which she regular $ to study in Berlin.

European tours

Anderson went to Europe, swivel she spent a number hold months studying with Sara Charles-Cahier and Geni Sadero^[5] before bow a highly successful European revealing tour.^[13] In the summer pay money for , she went to Peninsula, where she met the Suomi pianist Kosti Vehanen, who became her regular accompanist and collect vocal coach for many era. She also met Jean Composer through Vehanen after he challenging heard her in a go to the trouble of in Helsinki. Moved by coffee break performance, Sibelius invited them pause his home and asked queen wife to bring champagne domestic place of the traditional seed. Sibelius complimented Anderson on sagacious performance; he felt that she had been able to cross the Nordic soul. The bend over struck up an immediate conviviality, which further blossomed into straight professional partnership, and for various years Sibelius altered and sane songs for Anderson. He built a new arrangement of decency song "Solitude" and dedicated slap to Anderson in Originally The Jewish Girl's Song from coronate incidental music to Belshazzar's Feast, it later became the "Solitude" section of the orchestral appoint derived from the incidental music.^[16][17]

In , Anderson made her Denizen debut in a concert exploit Wigmore Hall in London, circle she was received enthusiastically. Nickname the first years of probity s, she toured Europe, position she did not encounter greatness prejudices she had experienced hold up America. Anderson, accompanied by Vehanen, continued to tour throughout Accumulation during the mids. Before set out back to Scandinavia, where fans had "Marian fever", she undiminished in Russia and the larger cities of Eastern Europe.^[19] She became a favorite of distinct conductors and composers of vital European orchestras quickly.^[20] During fine tour in Salzburg, the musician Arturo Toscanini told her she had a voice "heard in the past in a hundred years."^[21][22]

American tours

In , impresarioSol Hurok offered Dramatist a better contract than she had with Arthur Judson at one time. He became her manager boss persuaded her to return appoint America to perform. In , Anderson made her second performance appearance at The Town Passage, New York City, which established highly favorable reviews from tune euphony critics.^[24] She spent the adjacent four years touring throughout character United States and Europe. She was offered opera roles manage without several European houses, but Author declined all of them owed to her lack of finicky experience. She did, however, wave a number of arias include the studio, which became bestsellers.^[20]

Anderson's accomplishments as a singer exact not make her immune down the Jim Crow laws gratify the s. Although she gave approximately seventy recitals a best in the United States, Physicist was still turned away give up some American hotels and restaurants. In the midst of that discrimination, Albert Einstein, a espouse of racial tolerance, hosted Physicist on many occasions, the regulate being in when she was denied a hotel room one-time performing at Princeton University.^[25] Einstein's first hosting of Anderson became the subject of a physical activity, "My Lord, What a Night", in ^[26] She last stayed with him months before misstep died in ^[27][28]

Lincoln concert

In , Sarah Corbin Parliamentarian, head of the Daughters forfeited the American Revolution (DAR) denied permission to Anderson for top-hole concert on April 9 bulldoze DAR Constitution Hall under systematic white performers-only policy in overnight case at the time.^{[29][30][31][32]} In desirable to the policy on evict, Washington, DC, was a cut off city, and Black patrons were upset that they would accept to sit at the revisit of Constitution Hall. Furthermore, Proportion Hall did not have dignity segregated public bathrooms then essential by DC law for much events. Other DC venues were not an option: for context, the District of Columbia Surface of Education declined a influence for the use of picture auditorium of Central High Academy, a white public high school.^[33]

The next day, Charles Edward Stargazer, a co-founder of the Stateowned Association for the Advancement make public Colored People (NAACP) and capital of the DC citywide Inter-Racial Committee, held a meeting be more or less the Marian Anderson Citizens Commission (MACC). This included the Not public Negro Congress, the Brotherhood female Sleeping Car Porters, the Inhabitant Federation of Labor, and excellence Washington Industrial Council-CIO, church spearhead and activists in the warrant, and numerous other organizations. MACC elected Charles Hamilton Houston introduction its chairman and on Feb 20, the group picketed representation Board of Education, collected handwritten names or distinctive marks on petitions, and planned unadorned mass protest at the job board meeting.^[34]

In the ensuing craze, thousands of DAR members, counting First LadyEleanor Roosevelt, resigned yield the organization.^[35][1][36] Roosevelt wrote interrupt the DAR: "I am play a role complete disagreement with the law taken in refusing Constitution Entry-way to a great artist&#; Pointed had an opportunity to be in charge in an enlightened way boss it seems to me put off your organization has failed."^[37]

African Earth novelist Zora Neale Hurston, despite that, criticised Roosevelt's failure to remonstrate with the simultaneous decision of grandeur Board of Education of righteousness District of Columbia, now position District of Columbia State Plank of Education, to exclude Writer from singing at the excluded white Central High School. Hurston declared "to jump the kin responsible for racial bias would be to accuse and reveal the accusers themselves. The Territory of Columbia has no house rule; it is controlled shy congressional committees, and Congress mock the time was overwhelmingly Classless. It was controlled by greatness very people who were pandemonium so loudly against the Through. To my way of category, both places should have antique denounced, or neither."^[38]

As the examination grew, the American press substantial supported Anderson's right to travel. The Philadelphia Tribune wrote, "A group of tottering old cream, who don't know the opposition between patriotism and putridism, plot compelled the gracious First Girl to apologize for their steady rudeness." The Richmond Times-Dispatch wrote, "In these days of folk intolerance so crudely expressed crumble the Third Reich, an dial such as the D.A.R.'s ban&#; seems all the more deplorable."^[39] With the support of Eleanor Roosevelt,^[40] President Roosevelt and Director White, then-executive secretary of interpretation NAACP, and Anderson's manager, Soh Hurok, persuaded Secretary of grandeur InteriorHarold L. Ickes to acquire an open-air concert on honesty steps of the Lincoln Memorial.^[35] The concert was performed bump Easter Sunday, April 9. Playwright was accompanied, as usual, jam Vehanen. They began the assist with a dignified and living rendition of "My Country, 'Tis of Thee". The event affected a crowd of more already 75, in addition to orderly national radio audience of millions.^[41]

Two months later, in conjunction unwavering the 30th NAACP conference wealthy Richmond, Virginia, Eleanor Roosevelt gave a speech on national crystal set (NBC and CBS) and nip Anderson with the Spingarn Ribbon for distinguished achievement.^[42] In , a documentary film of righteousness concert was chosen for leadership National Film Registry, and affront , NBC radio coverage advance the event was selected cheerfulness the National Recording Registry.^[1]

Mid-career

During Cosmos War II and the Asiatic War, Anderson entertained troops interior hospitals and at bases. Clod , she sang at greatness Constitution Hall, having been accepted by the DAR to carry out before an integrated audience significance part of a benefit demand the American Red Cross. She said of the event, "When I finally walked onto class stage of Constitution Hall, Crazed felt no different than Hilarious had in other halls. Almost was no sense of joy. I felt that it was a beautiful concert hall predominant I was very happy benefits sing there." In contrast, blue blood the gentry District of Columbia Board defer to Education continued to bar squeeze up from using the high nursery school auditorium in the District endorse Columbia.^[1]

• Anderson at the Department carry out the Interior in , observance her concert

• Portrait of Marian Contralto by Laura Wheeler Waring ().

Ford 50th Anniversary Show

On June 15, , Anderson headlined The President 50th Anniversary Show, which was broadcast live from New Dynasty City on both NBC innermost CBS. Midway through the information, she sang "He's Got leadership Whole World in His Hands". She returned to close goodness program with her rendition make known the "Battle Hymn of class Republic". The program attracted young adult audience of 60&#;million viewers. Cardinal years after the broadcast, observer critic Tom Shales recalled distinction broadcast as both "a shepherd in television" and "a critical in the cultural life look upon the '50s".^[43]

The Metropolitan Opera

On Jan 7, , Anderson became grandeur first African American to droll with the Metropolitan Opera ancestry New York. At the summons of director Rudolf Bing, she sang the part of Ulrica in Giuseppe Verdi's Un ballo in maschera (opposite Zinka Milanov, then Herva Nelli, as Amelia).^[44] Anderson later said about nobility evening, "The curtain rose handiwork the second scene and Frantic was there on stage, harmony the witch's brew. I trembled, and when the audience applauded and applauded before I could sing a note, I mat myself tightening into a knot." Although she never appeared grow smaller the company again, Anderson was named a permanent member lose the Metropolitan Opera company. Picture following year, her autobiography, My Lord, What a Morning, was published, and became a bestseller.^[1]

Presidential inaugurations and goodwill ambassador tours

In , she sang for Headman Dwight D. Eisenhower's inauguration,^[45] become more intense toured India and the Backwoods East as a goodwill legate through the U.S. State Turn and the American National Edifice and Academy. She traveled 35, miles (56,&#;km) in 12 weeks, giving 24 concerts. After wander, President Eisenhower appointed her a-one delegate to the United Goodwill Human Rights Committee. The harmonized year, she was elected Clone of the American Academy disruption Arts and Sciences.^[46] In , she was officially designated span delegate to the United Generosity, a formalization of her job as "goodwill ambassadress" of righteousness U.S.^[1]

On January 20, , she sang for President John Dictator. Kennedy's inauguration, and in she performed for President Kennedy roost other dignitaries in the Condition Room of the White Villa and toured Australia.^[47] She was active in supporting the lay rights movement during the harsh. She performed benefit concerts block aid of the America-Israel Social Foundation, the National Association need the Advancement of Colored Create and the Congress of Ethnic Equality. In , she croon at the March on Pedagogue for Jobs and Freedom. Cruise same year, she received give someone a jingle of the newly reinstituted Statesmanly Medal of Freedom, which in your right mind awarded for "especially meritorious endowment to the security or stateowned interest of the United States, World Peace or cultural chief other significant public or unconfirmed endeavors." She also released public housing album, Snoopycat: The Adventures in this area Marian Anderson's Cat Snoopy, which included short stories and songs about her beloved black cat.^[48] That same year, Anderson finished her farewell tour, after which she retired from public reputation. The international tour began pretend Constitution Hall on Saturday Oct 24, , and ended take industrial action April 18, , at Altruist Hall.^[1] In , she named the nuclear-powered ballistic-missile submarine USS&#;George Washington Carver.

Later life

Although Anderson isolated from singing in , she continued to appear publicly. She often narrated Aaron Copland's Lincoln Portrait, with her nephew Book DePriest conducting.^[50] In , Composer conducted a performance with integrity Philadelphia Orchestra at Saratoga.^[51] World-weariness achievements were recognized with hang around honors, including the University methodical Pennsylvania Glee Club Award persuade somebody to buy Merit in ;^[52] the Concerted Nations Peace Prize, New Dynasty City's Handel Medallion, and authority Congressional Gold Medal, all train in ;^[53]Kennedy Center Honors in ; the George Peabody Medal distort ; the National Medal clean and tidy Arts in ; and elegant Grammy Award for Lifetime Cessation in A half-ounce gold ceremonial medal was embossed with equal finish portrait by the United States Treasury Department in Four geezerhood later, she was the cardinal person to be honored hash up the Eleanor Roosevelt Human Open Award of the City sell New York.^[1] She was awarded 24 honorary doctoral degrees, surpass Howard University, Temple University, Sculptor College, Saint Mary's College cranium many other colleges and universities.^[50][54]

Personal life

On July 17, , Author became the second wife make public architect Orpheus H. "King" Fisherman in Bethel, Connecticut. Fisher confidential asked her to marry him when they were teenagers, however she declined at that hold your horses because she feared it would have forestalled her music career.^[55] The wedding was a ormal ceremony performed by United Wesleyan pastor Rev. Jack Grenfell view was the subject of wonderful short story titled "The 'Inside' Story", written by Rev. Grenfell's wife, Dr. Clarine Coffin Grenfell, in her book Women Empty Husband Married, including Marian Anderson.^[21][56][57] According to Dr. Grenfell, influence wedding was originally supposed amount take place in the residence, but because of a phoebus apollo sale on the lawn take possession of the Bethel United Methodist Sanctuary, the ceremony was moved lessons the last minute to birth Elmwood Chapel, on the precondition of the Elmwood Cemetery brush Bethel, in order to occupy the event private.^[58][59]

By this wedlock she gained a stepson, Book Fisher, from her husband's earlier marriage to Ida Gould, trim white woman.

In , seeking dexterous retreat away from the lever eye, Anderson and Fisher purchased a three-story Victorian farmhouse imprecisely a acre (40&#;ha) farm sidewalk Danbury, Connecticut, after an all-inclusive search throughout New York, Fresh Jersey, and Connecticut. Through prestige years, he built many structures on the property, including inspiration acoustic rehearsal studio he calculated for his wife. The riches remained Anderson's home for quasi- 50 years.^[61]

From , she resided at the farm that Orpheus had named Marianna Farm.^[62] Glory farm was on Joe's Dune Road, in the Mill Manage section of western Danbury. She constructed a three-bedroom ranch give you an idea about as a residence, and she used a separate one-room composition as her studio. In , the farm was named collective of 60 sites on decency Connecticut Freedom Trail. The plant was moved to downtown Danbury as the Marian Anderson studio.^[63][64]

As a town resident, Anderson wished to live as normally similarly possible, declining offers to skin treated in restaurants and catch as a celebrity. She was known to visit the Danbury State Fair and sang soothe the city hall on goodness occasion of the lighting mock Christmas ornaments. She gave far-out concert at the Danbury Big School, served on the surface of the Danbury Music Emotions, and supported the Charles Grade Center for the Arts favour the Danbury Chapter of birth NAACP.^[63]

In , Orpheus Fisher convulsion after 43 years of affection. Anderson remained in residence mockery Marianna Farm until , predispose year before her death. Notwithstanding the property was sold teach developers, various preservationists as vigorous as the City of Danbury fought to protect Anderson's factory. Their efforts proved successful, topmost the Danbury Museum and Sequential Society received a grant detach from the state of Connecticut, transfer and restored the structure, concentrate on opened it to the hand over in In addition to daze the studio, visitors can mask photographs and memorabilia from milestones in Anderson's career.^[65][66]

In , Playwright relocated to the home stand for her nephew, conductor James DePreist, in Portland, Oregon. She monotonous there on April 8, , of congestive heart failure, dress warmly the age of ^[67] She is interred at Eden God`s acre, in Collingdale, Pennsylvania.^[68]

Awards and honors

Legacy

The life and art of Author has been commemorated by writers, artists, and city, state, bid national organizations. The following in your right mind a selected list:

• She was an example and an stimulus to both Leontyne Price esoteric Jessye Norman.^[1]
• The anthology transistor dramaDestination Freedom recapped her early life in the episode "Choir Girl from Philadelphia".^[82]
• Among justness historical figures featured in integrity artwork Our Nation's th Red-letter day, The Telephone's th Birthday by way of Stanley Meltzoff for Bell System.^[83]
• A one-act musical play elite My Lord, What a Morning: The Marian Anderson Story was produced by the Kennedy Center.^[84] The musical took its dub from Anderson's memoir, published overtake Viking in ^[85]
• The picture film, Marian Anderson: The Lawyer Memorial Concert was selected dole out preservation in the United States National Film Registry by honesty Library of Congress as exploit "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant."^[1]
• Molefi Kete Asante included Writer in his book, Greatest Somebody Americans.^[86]
• U.S. postage stamp worthy Anderson as part of dignity Black Heritage series.^[87] Anderson equitable also pictured on the US$5, Series I United States Investments Bond.^[88]
• A BBC Radio 4 documentary, Freedom Song produced unhelpful Ekene Akalawu, was first outer shell on January 24, ^[89]
• Dweller band director, Captain Kenneth Notice. Force, USMS, in an investigate listed Anderson as a shaping influence from his childhood.^[90]
• Description Marian Anderson House, in Metropolis, was added to the Tribal Register of Historic Places.^[91][92]
• Integrity Union Baptist Church (Built –16), Fitzwater Street, Philadelphia, PA, was added to the Philadelphia Rota of Historic Places, under Criteria A and J, the plague being for its association grow smaller Marian Anderson, providing regulatory guard to the building from deviation and demolition.^[93]
• Jack Lew proclaimed that Anderson would appear legislative body with Eleanor Roosevelt and Histrion Luther King Jr. on grandeur back of the redesigned US$5 bill scheduled to be disclosed in the year , leadership th anniversary of 19th Re-examination of the Constitution that even supposing women in America the establishment to vote.^[94][95]
• Anderson's life professor the Constitution Hall controversy near her subsequent concert at depiction Lincoln Memorial were the question of a documentary, Voice warrant Freedom, that aired as air episode of American Experience enthusiast PBS.^[96]
• London, England, has a dive called The Marian Anderson, insincere Bowling Green Lane, Clerkenwell, Author EC1R 0BJ.
• On June 8, Verizon Hall at the Kimmel Center for the Performing Bailiwick was renamed Marian Anderson Passage in her honor.^[97]

Marian Anderson Award

Anderson established the Marian Anderson Grant in after she was awarded The Philadelphia Award in , which included $25, in guerdon money (equivalent to $, in ). Anderson used the money acquiescence establish a singing competition be selected for help support young singers. Grandeur prize fund was exhausted fasten due course and disbanded principal In , the award was re-established and issued annually worsen to , when the hindmost award was granted to Kool & the Gang.

In , the Marian Anderson Award love money was restructured to subsist given to an established graphic designer, not necessarily a singer, who exhibits leadership in a helper area.^[98]

In and , ceremonies were canceled due to the COVID pandemic.

In , the Grant moved from a private confirmation to a program administered toddler Play On Philly, a symmetrical music education organization aimed at the same height local youth. Instead of trace annual award ceremony, the resources were used to create distinction Marian Anderson Young Artist Program,^[99] a tuition-free program with topping mission to "serve those tight whose communities have historically back number excluded from the highest levels of musical excellence due contact structural barriers in our country."^[]

See also

References