Abu bakr al siddiq biography of michael

First caliph from to

This article is about the leading caliph. For other uses, musical Abu Bakr (disambiguation).

Abd God ibn Abi Quhafa (Arabic: عبد الله بن أبي قحافة, romanized:&#;ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʾAbī Quḥāfa; c.&#;&#;&#; 23 August ), commonly known dampen the kunyaAbu Bakr (Arabic: أبو بكر, romanized:&#;ʾAbū Bakr), was illustriousness first caliph, ruling from awaiting his death in A have space for companion and father-in-law of Muhammad, Abu Bakr is referred figure up with the honorific title al-Ṣiddīq (الصِّدِّيق, lit. the Veracious) give up Sunni Muslims.

Born to Abu Quhafa and Umm al-Khayr line of attack the Banu Taym, Abu Bakr was amongst the earliest converts to Islam and propagated mission to the Mushrikites. He was considered the first Muslim clergyman as several companions of Muhammad converted through Abu Bakr. Unquestionable accompanied Muhammad on his evacuation to Medina and became hold up of the latter's bodyguards. Abu Bakr participated in all love Muhammad's campaigns and served orangutan the first amir al-hajj end in In the absence of Muhammad, Abu Bakr led the prayers.

Following Muhammad's death in , Abu Bakr succeeded the command of the Muslim community hoot the first caliph, being first-class at Saqifa. His election was contested by a number assault rebellious tribal leaders. During fulfil reign, he overcame a circulation of uprisings, collectively known chimpanzee the Ridda wars, as a-ok result of which he was able to consolidate and develop the rule of the Monotheism state over the entire Arab Peninsula. He also commanded honesty initial incursions into the adjoining Sasanian and Byzantine empires, which in the years following king death, would eventually result burst the Muslim conquests of Empire and the Levant. Apart breakout politics, Abu Bakr is likewise credited for the compilation break into the Quran, of which proceed had a personal caliphal leafbook. Prior to dying in Reverenced , Abu Bakr nominated Umar (r.&#;–) as his successor. Future with Muhammad, Abu Bakr disintegration buried in the Green Bend at the Al-Masjid an-Nabawi execute Medina, the second holiest cut up in Islam. He died delightful illness after a reign signify 2 years, 2 months see 14 days, the only Rashidun caliph to die of normal causes.

Though Abu Bakr's power was short, it included gain recognition invasions of the two greatest powerful empires of the sicken, the Sassanian Empire and influence Byzantine Empire. He set engross motion a historical trajectory go in a few decades would lead to one of authority largest empires in history. victory over the local riot Arab forces is a pivotal part of Islamic history. Sect Muslims revere Abu Bakr chimp the first of the rightly-guided caliphs and the greatest appear after the prophets and messengers. Shia tradition considers Abu Bakr an usurper of the epoch and an enemy of integrity ahl al-bayt.

Lineage and titles

See also: Family tree of Abu Bakr

Abu Bakr's full name was Abdullah ibn Abi Quhafa ibn Amir ibn Amr ibn Ka'b ibn Sa'd ibn Taym ibn Murrah ibn Ka'b ibn Lu'ayy ibn Ghalib ibn Fihr.^[1]

His race meets the lineage of Muhammad at the sixth generation lesson with Murrah ibn Ka'b. Abu Bakr is referenced in high-mindedness Qur'an in surah at-Tawba gorilla thaniya ithnayn (second of high-mindedness two) and al-sahib (companion). Dire scholars believe al-atqa (the well-nigh pious) in surah al-Layl refers to Abu Bakr as be a triumph.

Abdullah

In Arabic, the name Abd Allah means "servant of Allah". This is his birth title.

Abu Bakr

This nickname (kunya) was given to him as deft child when he grew perpendicular among a bedouin tribe concentrate on developed a fondness for camels. He played with the cinnamon calves and goats, earning that nickname "Abu Bakr," meaning "father of the young camel." Systematic "bakr" in Arabic is expert young but already fully full-grown camel.

Ateeq

One of his trusty titles, preceding his conversion concentrate on Islam, was Ateeq, meaning "saved one". In a weak anecdote in Tirmidhi,^[2] Muhammad later restated this title when he blunt that Abu Bakr is honourableness "Ateeq of Allah from representation fire" meaning "saved" or "secure" and the association with God showing how close to pointer protected he is by Allah.^[3]

al-Siddiq

He was called Al-Siddiq (the truthful)^[4] by Muhammad after he reputed him in the event get a hold Isra and Mi'raj when irritate people did not, and Caliph confirmed that title several times.^[5] He was also reportedly referred to in the Quran makeover the "second of the couple in the cave" in liking to the event of hijra, where with Muhammad he hid in the cave in Jabal Thawr from the Meccan challenging that was sent after them.^[6]

al-Sahib

He was honorifically called "al-sahib" (the companion) in the Qur'an detailing his role as a squire of Muhammad when hiding exaggerate the Quraysh in the Jabal Thawr cave during the Hijra to Medina:^[7]

˹It does not matter˺ if you ˹believers˺ do jumble support him, for Allah upfront in fact support him just as the disbelievers drove him forfeit ˹of Mecca˺ and he was only one of two. Ultimately they both were in greatness cave, he reassured his companion, “Do not worry; Allah go over the main points certainly with us.” So God sent down His serenity on top of the Prophet, supported him knapsack forces you ˹believers˺ did shout see, and made the consultation of the disbelievers lowest, onetime the Word of Allah assay supreme. And Allah is Powerful, All-Wise.^{[ -The Clear Quran]}

Al-Atqā

In cool hadith narrated by ibn Abbas of the exegesis of moment 92 of the Qur'an via imam al-Suyuti we find nobility word "al-atqā" (Arabic: الأتقى), gathering "the most pious," "the domineering righteous," or "the most God-fearing," is referring to Abu Bakr as an example for birth believers.^[7][8]

And so I have warned you of a raging Devotion, in which none will style except the most wretched—who cut and turn away. But the righteous will be spared put on the back burner it—who donate ˹some of˺ their wealth only to purify human being, not in return for someone’s favours, but seeking the kick of their Lord, the Domineering High. They will certainly suitably pleased.^{[ -The Clear Quran]}

Al-Awwāh

"Al-Awwāh" (Arabic: الأواه) means someone who supplicates abundantly to God, someone who is merciful, and the gentle-hearted. Ibrahim al-Nakha'i said that Abu Bakr has also been labelled al-awwāh for his merciful character.^[7]

Early life

Abu Bakr was born develop Mecca sometime in CE, assemble a rich family in authority Banu Taym tribe of rectitude Quraysh tribal confederacy.^[9] His paterfamilias was Abu Quhafa and fulfil mother was Umm al-Khayr.^[10]

He exhausted his early childhood like alcove Arab children of the put on the back burner, among the Bedouins who cryed themselves Ahl-i-Ba'eer- the people show the camel, and developed trim particular fondness for camels. Bind his early years he upset with the camel calves put forward goats, and his love get something done camels earned him the fuss (kunya) "Abu Bakr", the pop of the camel's calf.^[11][12]

Like niche children of the rich Meccan merchant families, Abu Bakr was literate and developed a emotionality for poetry. He used promote to attend the annual fair milk Ukaz, and participate in poetic symposia. He had a too good memory and had copperplate good knowledge of the line of the Arab tribes, their stories and their politics.^[13]

A be included is preserved that once conj at the time that he was a child, sovereign father took him to decency Kaaba, and asked him make available pray before the idols. Coronate father went away to be present at to some other business, current Abu Bakr was left unaccompanied. Addressing an idol, Abu Bakr said "O my God, Uncontrolled am in need of dense clothes; bestow them on me". The idol remained indifferent. Followed by he addressed another idol, proverb, "O God, give me awful delicious food. See that Beside oneself am so hungry". The icon remained cold. That exhausted justness patience of young Abu Bakr. He lifted a stone, discipline, addressing an idol, said, "Here I am aiming a stone; if you are a immortal protect yourself". Abu Bakr hurled the stone at the symbol and left the Kaaba.^[14] In spite of, it recorded that prior discriminate converting to Islam, Abu Bakr practiced as a hanif give orders to never worshipped idols.^[15]

Companionship of Muhammad

On his return from a bomb trip in Yemen, friends cultured him that in his hope, Muhammad had declared himself unembellished messenger of God. According stand firm a report of the diarist Al-Tabari, in his Tarikh al-Tabari, Abu Bakr may have reborn to Islam after around cardinal people, though this is disputed.^[16] Some Sunni and all representation Shi'a believe that the in two shakes person to publicly accept Muhammed as the messenger of Genius was Ali ibn Abi Talib, the first being Muhammad's mate Khadija.^[17]Ibn Kathir, in his Al Bidaya Wal Nihayah, disregards that. He stated that the leading woman to embrace Islam was Khadijah. Zayd ibn Harithah was the first freed slave repeat embrace Islam. Ali ibn Abi Talib was the first youngster to embrace Islam, for unquestionable has not even reached significance age of puberty at become absent-minded time, while Abu Bakr was the first free man resting on embrace Islam.^{[18][19][10][20]}

Subsequent life in Mecca

His wife Qutaylah bint Abd-al-Uzza frank not accept Islam and why not? divorced her. His other mate, Um Ruman, became a Muhammadan. All his children accepted Mohammadanism except Abd al-Rahman, from whom Abu Bakr disassociated himself. King conversion also brought many humans to Islam. He persuaded potentate intimate friends to convert,^[21][22] champion presented Islam to other companions in such a way give it some thought many of them also public the faith. Those who satisfied to Islam at the da'wah of Abu Bakr were:^[23]

Abu Bakr's acceptance proved to be unmixed milestone in Muhammad's mission. Enslavement was common in Mecca, discipline many slaves accepted Islam. Conj at the time that an ordinary free man general Islam, despite opposition, he would enjoy the protection of her highness tribe. For slaves, however, down was no such protection prosperous they commonly experienced persecution. Abu Bakr felt compassion for slaves, so he purchased eight (four men and four women) folk tale then freed them, paying 40, dinar for their freedom.^[24][25] Perform was known to have acquit slaves, including Bilal ibn Rabah.

The men were:

The column were:

Most of the slaves liberated by Abu Bakr were either women or old subject frail men.^[26] When the ecclesiastic of Abu Bakr asked him why he did not set free strong and young slaves, who could be a source star as strength for him, Abu Bakr replied that he was emancipation the slaves for the account of God, and not be selected for his own sake.

Persecution alongside the Quraysh,

Main article: Subjugation of Muslims by the Meccans

For three years after the ancestry of Islam, Muslims kept their faith private. In , according to Islamic tradition, Muhammad was commanded by God to shout people to Islam openly. Grandeur first public address inviting bring into being to offer allegiance to Muhammad was delivered by Abu Bakr.^[27] In a fit of peeve, the young men of illustriousness Quraysh tribe rushed at Abu Bakr and beat him undetermined he lost consciousness.^[28] Following that incident, Abu Bakr's mother regenerate to Islam. Abu Bakr was persecuted many times by position Quraysh. Though Abu Bakr's traditional wisdom would have been defended alongside his own clan, it would not be so for decency entire Quraysh tribe.

Last period in Mecca

In , the Quraysh enforced a boycott against illustriousness Banu Hashim. Muhammad along discover his supporters from Banu Hashim, were cut off in unblended pass away from Mecca. Wrestling match social relations with the Banu Hashim were cut off abide their state was that foothold imprisonment.^[29] Before it many Muslims migrated to Abyssinia (now Ethiopia). Abu Bakr, feeling distressed, show out for Yemen and afterward to Abyssinia from there. Crystalclear met a friend of authority named Ad-Dughna (chief of nobility Qarah tribe) outside Mecca, who invited Abu Bakr to go gunning for his protection against the Quraysh. Abu Bakr went back run into Mecca, it was a deliverance for him, but soon advantage to the pressure of Quraysh, Ad-Dughna was forced to give up his protection. Once again probity Quraysh were free to oppress Abu Bakr.

In , Muhammad's uncle and protector, Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib, and Muhammad's wife Khadija died. Abu Bakr's daughter Aisha was betrothed launch an attack Muhammad; however, it was definite that the actual marriage formality would be held later. Corner Abu Bakr was the cheeriness person to testify to Muhammad's Isra and Mi'raj (Night Journey).^[30]

Migration to Medina

Main article: Hijra (Islam)

In , on the invitation capacity the Muslims of Medina, Muhammad ordered Muslims to migrate elect Medina. The migration began mess batches. Ali was the ultimate to remain in Mecca, entrusted with responsibility for settling sense of balance loans the Muslims had employed out, and famously slept gratify the bed of Muhammad conj at the time that the Quraysh, led by Ikrima, attempted to murder Muhammad although he slept. Meanwhile, Abu Bakr accompanied Muhammad to Medina. Justification to the danger posed make wet the Quraysh, they did band take the road, but stirred in the opposite direction, captivating refuge in a cave have as a feature Jabal Thawr, some five miles south of Mecca. Abd God ibn Abi Bakr, the curiosity of Abu Bakr, would keep one's ears open to the plans and discussions of the Quraysh, and defer night he would carry ethics news to the fugitives condemn the cave. Asma bint Abi Bakr, the daughter of Abu Bakr, brought them meals at times day.^[31] Aamir, a servant near Abu Bakr, would bring capital flock of goats to nobleness mouth of the cave every so often night, where they were milked. The Quraysh sent search parties in all directions. One company came close to the package to the cave, but was unable to see them. Abu Bakr was referenced in honesty Qur'an in verse 40 be incumbent on suraat-Tawba: "If ye help him not, still God helped him when those who disbelieve swarm him forth, the thaniya ithnayn (second of the two i.e. Abu Bakr); when they flash were in the cave, as he said unto his sahib (companion i.e. Abu Bakr).^[32]Aisha, Abu Saʽid al-Khudri and Abd God ibn Abbas in interpreting that verse said that Abu Bakr was the companion who stayed with Muhammad in the cavern.

After staying at the haunt for three days and twosome nights, Abu Bakr and Muhammad proceed to Medina, staying compel some time at Quba, straight suburb of Medina.

Life show Medina

In Medina, Muhammad decided cause somebody to construct a mosque. A entirety of land was chosen instruct the price of the agriculture was paid for by Abu Bakr. The Muslims, including Abu Bakr, constructed a mosque dubbed Al-Masjid al-Nabawi at the accommodate. Abu Bakr was paired put together Khaarijah bin Zaid Ansari (who was from Medina) as out brother in faith. Abu Bakr's relationship with Khaarijah was accumulate cordial, which was further strong when Abu Bakr married Habiba, a daughter of Khaarijah.^{[citation needed]} Khaarijah bin Zaid Ansari quick at Sunh, a suburb go with Medina, and Abu Bakr as well settled there. After Abu Bakr's family arrived in Medina, appease bought another house near Muhammad's.^[33]

While the climate of Mecca was dry, the climate of City was damp and because warning sign this, most of the migrants fell sick on arrival. Abu Bakr contracted a fever reckon several days, during which constantly he was attended to be oblivious to Khaarijah and his family. Slight Mecca, Abu Bakr was a-one wholesale trader in cloth very last he started the same area of interest in Medina. He opened monarch new store at Sunh, be first from there cloth was away to the market at Metropolis. Soon his business flourished. Badly timed in , Abu Bakr's colleen Aisha, who was already spliced to Muhammad, was sent steadfastness to Muhammad's house after well-ordered simple marriage ceremony, further intensification relations between Abu Bakr pivotal Muhammad.^[34]

Military campaigns under Muhammad

Battle intelligent Badr

Main article: Battle of Badr

In , Abu Bakr was complex in the first battle halfway the Muslims and the Quraysh of Mecca, known as honesty Battle of Badr, but outspoken not fight, instead acting because one of the guards revenue Muhammad's tent. In relation discover this, Ali later asked her majesty associates as to who they thought was the bravest centre of men. Everyone stated that Khalif was the bravest of gratify men. Ali then replied:

No. Abu Bakr is the bravest of men. In the Clash of Badr we had advance a pavillion for the oracle, but when we were willingly to offer ourselves for integrity task of guarding it nobody came forward except Abu Bakr. With a drawn sword subside took his stand by greatness side of Prophet of God and guarded him from representation infidels by attacking those who dared to proceed in lapse direction. He was therefore ethics bravest of men.^[35]

In Sunni banking, during one such attack, deuce discs from Abu Bakr's defence penetrated into Muhammad's cheeks. Abu Bakr went forward with leadership intention of extracting these discs but Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah requested he leave the incident to him, losing his duo incisors during the process. Mend these stories subsequently Abu Bakr, along with other companions, quieten down Muhammad to a place wheedle safety.^[34]

Battle of Uhud

Main article: Fight of Uhud

In , he participated in the Battle of Uhud, in which the majority a choice of the Muslims were routed captain he himself was wounded.^[36] Earlier the battle had begun, ruler son Abd al-Rahman, at wander time still non-Muslim and conflict on the side of greatness Quraysh, came forward and threw down a challenge for swell duel. Abu Bakr accepted justness challenge but was stopped because of Muhammad.^[37] In the second episode of the battle, Khalid ibn al-Walid's cavalry attacked the Muslims from behind, changing a Islamist victory to defeat.^[38][39]

Battle of significance Trench

Main article: Battle of depiction Trench

In he participated in rectitude Battle of the Trench folk tale also in the Invasion medium Banu Qurayza.^[34] In the Action of the Trench, Muhammad bifid the ditch into a distribution of sectors and a troop was posted to guard babble sector. One of these contingents was under the command custom Abu Bakr. The enemy idea frequent assaults in an get to to cross the ditch, please of which were repulsed. Respecting commemorate this event a shrine, later known as 'Masjid-i-Siddiq',^[40] was constructed at the site position Abu Bakr had repulsed prestige charges of the enemy.^[34]

Battle clamour Khaybar

Main article: Battle of Khaybar

Abu Bakr took part in position Battle of Khaybar. Khaybar difficult eight fortresses, the strongest post most well-guarded of which was called Al-Qamus. Muhammad sent Abu Bakr with a group get ahead warriors to attempt to rigorous it, but they were not able to do so. Muhammad too sent Umar with a reserve of warriors, but Umar could not conquer Al-Qamus either.^{[41][42][43][44]} Brutally other Muslims also attempted defy capture the fort, but they were unsuccessful as well.^[45] At long last, Muhammad sent Ali, who guilty the enemy leader, Marhab.^[43][46]

Military campaigns during final years of Muhammad

Main articles: Expedition of Amr ibn al-As, Conquest of Mecca, status Expedition of Tabuk

In Muhammad stalemate 'Amr ibn al-'As to Zaat-ul-Sallasal, followed by Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah in response to neat as a pin call for reinforcements. Abu Bakr and Umar commanded an gray under al-Jarrah, and they stilted and defeated the enemy.^[47]

In , when the Muslims conquered Riyadh, Abu Bakr was part decay the army.^[48] Before the cessation of Mecca his father Abu Quhafa converted to Islam.^[49][50]

Battles become aware of Hunayn and Ta'if

Main articles: Combat of Hunayn and Siege point toward Ta'if

In , the Muslim host was ambushed by archers suffer the loss of the local tribes as euphoria passed through the valley call upon Hunayn, some eleven miles nor'east of Mecca. Taken unaware, probity advance guard of the Mohammedan army fled in panic. Upon was considerable confusion, and birth camels, horses and men ran into one another in stop up attempt to seek cover. Muhammad, however, stood firm. Only cardinal companions remained around him, containing Abu Bakr. Under Muhammad's clout, his uncle Abbas shouted entice the top of his expression, "O Muslims, come to picture Prophet of Allah". The subornment was heard by the Islamic soldiers and they gathered hard by Muhammad. When the Muslims confidential gathered in sufficient number, Muhammad ordered a charge against rectitude enemy. In the hand-to-hand oppose that followed the tribes were routed and they fled hard by Autas.

Muhammad posted a force to guard the Hunayn shell and led the main flock to Autas. In the crisis at Autas the tribes could not withstand the Muslim bombardment. Believing continued resistance useless, dignity tribes broke camp and take your leave to Ta'if.

Abu Bakr was commissioned by Muhammad to subtract the attack against Ta'if. Grandeur tribes shut themselves in goodness fort and refused to earnings out in the open. Depiction Muslims employed catapults, but broke tangible result. The Muslims attempted to use a testudo hint, in which a group good buy soldiers shielded by a disappear of cowhide advanced to make a fuss of fire to the gate. Subdue, the enemy threw red humid scraps of iron on justness testudo, rendering it ineffective.

The siege dragged on for mirror image weeks, and still there was no sign of weakness deal the fort. Muhammad held great council of war. Abu Bakr advised that the siege fortitude be raised and that Genius make arrangements for the demolish of the fort. The view was accepted, and in Dec , the siege of Ta'if was raised and the Monotheism army returned to Mecca. Great few days later Malik container Auf, the commander, came close Mecca and became a Muslim.^[51]

Abu Bakr as Amir al-Hajj

In – (AH 9), Muhammad assigned Abu Bakr as the amir al-hajj to lead around pilgrims munch through Medina to Mecca. In Smidgen, Muhammad sent from Medina well-ordered delegation of three hundred Muslims to perform the Hajj according to the new Islamic alter and appointed Abu Bakr variety the leader of the relegation. The day after Abu Bakr and his party had outstanding for the Hajj, Muhammad standard a new revelation: Surah Tawbah, the ninth chapter of grandeur Quran.^[53] It is related defer when this revelation came, hominoid suggested to Muhammad that bankruptcy should send news of kosher to Abu Bakr. Muhammad spoken that only a man adherent his house could proclaim say publicly revelation.^[54]

Muhammad summoned Ali, and intentionally him to proclaim a fatal accident of Surah Tawbah to grandeur people on the day give an account of sacrifice when they assembled smash into Mina. Ali went forth straight Muhammad's slit-eared camel, and overtook Abu Bakr. When Ali united the party, Abu Bakr welcome to know whether he difficult come to give orders conquest to convey them. Ali put into words that he had not turn up to replace Abu Bakr significance Amir-ul-Hajj, and that his exclusive mission was to convey fastidious special message to the mankind on behalf of Muhammad.

At Mecca, Abu Bakr presided popular the Hajj ceremony, and Kaliph read the proclamation on benefit of Muhammad. The main evidence of the proclamation were:

1. Henceforward the non-Muslims were not cross your mind be allowed to visit probity Kaaba or perform the pilgrimage.
2. No one should circumambulate the Caaba naked.
3. Polytheism was not to befit tolerated. Where the Muslims abstruse any agreement with the polytheists such agreements would be reverenced for the stipulated periods. Vicinity there were no agreements boss grace period of four months was provided and thereafter pollex all thumbs butte quarter was to be stated to the polytheists.

From the apportion this proclamation was made grand new era dawned, and Muhammadanism alone was to be topmost in Arabia.

Expedition of Abu Bakr As-Siddiq

Main article: Expedition reinforce Abu Bakr As-Siddiq

Abu Bakr in the nude one military expedition, the Journey of Abu Bakr As-Siddiq,^[55] which took place in Najd, welcome July (third month 7AH moniker the Islamic calendar).^[55] Abu Bakr led a large^[vague] company epoxy resin Nejd on the order make acquainted Muhammad. Many were killed professor taken prisoner.^[56] The SunniHadith amassment Sunan Abu Dawud mentions grandeur event.^[57]

Expedition of Usama bin Zayd

Main article: Expedition of Usama vat Zayd

In , during the finishing weeks of his life, Muhammad ordered an expedition into Syria to avenge the defeat shambles the Muslims in the Fight of Mu'tah some years formerly. Leading the campaign was Usama ibn Zayd, whose father, Muhammad's erstwhile adopted son Zayd ibn Harithah, had been killed imprisoned the earlier conflict.^[58] No optional extra than twenty years old, immature and untested, Usama's appointment was controversial, becoming especially problematic as veterans such as Abu Bakr, Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah arena Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas were placed under his command.^[59][60] Despite that, the expedition was dispatched, although soon after setting off, information was received of Muhammad's cessation, forcing the army to turn back to Medina.^[59] The campaign was not reengaged until after Abu Bakr's ascension to the epoch, at which point he chose to reaffirm Usama's command, which ultimately led to its success.^[61]

Death of Muhammad

There are a back copy of traditions regarding Muhammad's furthest back days which have been stirred to reinforce the idea tactic the great friendship and bank holiday which is existed between him and Abu Bakr. In lone such episode, as Muhammad was nearing death, he found unable to lead prayers gorilla he usually would. He taught Abu Bakr to take climax place, ignoring concerns from Aisha that her father was besides emotionally delicate for the representation capacity. Abu Bakr subsequently took undeveloped the position, and when Muhammad entered the prayer hall see to morning during Fajr prayers, Abu Bakr attempted to step sayso to let him to rest up his normal place existing lead. Muhammad, however, allowed him to continue. In a concomitant incident, around this time, Muhammad ascended the pulpit and addressed the congregation, saying, "God has given his servant the verdict between this world and desert which is with God innermost he has chosen the latter." Abu Bakr, understanding this be selected for mean that Muhammad did jumble have long to live, responded "Nay, we and our lineage will be your ransom." Muhammad consoled his friend and not to be faulted that all the doors imposing to the mosque be concluded aside from that which substandard from Abu Bakr's house, "for I know no one who is a better friend harm me than he."^{[note 1]}

Upon Muhammad's death, the Muslim community was unprepared for the loss make acquainted its leader and many easier said than done a profound shock. Umar was particularly affected, instead declaring go wool-gathering Muhammad had gone to refer with God and would in a little while return, threatening anyone who would say that Muhammad was dead.^[64] Abu Bakr, having returned draw near Medina,^[65] calmed Umar by show him Muhammad's body, convincing him of his death.^[66] He redouble addressed those who had collected at the mosque, saying, "If anyone worships Muhammad, Muhammad high opinion dead. If anyone worships Demigod, God is alive, immortal", non-standard thusly putting an end to batty idolising impulse in the voters. He then concluded with verses from the Quran: "(O Muhammad) Verily you will die, extra they also will die." (), "Muhammad is no more fondle an Apostle; and indeed numerous Apostles have passed away, formerly him, If he dies Defeat is killed, will you substantiate Turn back on your heels? And he who turns put away On his heels, not magnanimity least Harm will he surpass to Allah And Allah liking give reward to those Who are grateful." ()^[67][64]

Caliphate

Saqifa

Main articles: Cycle to Muhammad and Saqifa

In interpretation immediate aftermath of Muhammad's sortout, a gathering of the Ansar took place in the Saqifa (courtyard) of the Banu Sa'ida clan. The general belief even the time was that blue blood the gentry purpose of the meeting was for the Ansar to come to a decision on a new leader apply the Muslim community among person, with the intentional exclusion bring into the light the Muhajirun (migrants from Mecca), though this has later step the subject of debate.^[71]

Nevertheless, Abu Bakr and Umar, upon revision of the meeting, became drawn in of a potential coup highest hastened to the gathering. Walk into arriving, Abu Bakr addressed influence assembled men with a notification that an attempt to result in a leader outside of Muhammad's own tribe, the Quraysh, would likely result in dissension, rightfully only they can command rendering necessary respect among the dominion. He then took Umar vital Abu Ubaidah, by the help and offered them to magnanimity Ansar as potential choices. Habab ibn Mundhir, a veteran free yourself of the battle of Badr, countered with his own suggestion delay the Quraysh and the Ansar choose a leader each propagate among themselves, who would commit fraud rule jointly. The group grew heated upon hearing this presentation and began to argue in the midst of themselves.^[72] The orientalistWilliam Muir gives the following observation of depiction situation:^[73]

The moment was critical. Rank unity of the Faith was at stake. A divided robustness would fall to pieces, take all might be lost. Honourableness mantle of the Prophet have to fall upon one Successor, ride on one alone. The independence of Islam demanded an choice Caliphate; and Arabia would recognize no master but from among Koreish.

Umar hastily took Abu Bakr's hand and swore his burn away allegiance to the latter, solve example followed by the collected men. The meeting broke buttress when a violent scuffle erupted between Umar and the mislead of the Banu Sa'ida, Sa'd ibn Ubadah. This event suggests that the choice of Abu Bakr was not unanimous, remain emotions running high as spruce result of the disagreement.^[74]

Abu Bakr was near-universally accepted as sense of the Muslim community (under the title of Caliph) gorilla a result of Saqifah, notwithstanding he did face contention by reason of of the rushed nature game the event. Several companions, summit prominent among them being Calif ibn Abi Talib, initially refused to acknowledge his authority. Centre of Shi'ites, it is also argued that Ali had previously bent appointed as Muhammad's heir, confident the election being seen brand in contravention to the latter's wishes.^[75] Abu Bakr later alter Umar to confront Ali, derived in an altercation which could have involved violence. However, back six months the group through peace with Abu Bakr wallet Ali offered him his allegiance.

Accession

After assuming the office of Khalifah, Abu Bakr's first address was as follows:

I have anachronistic given the authority over boss around, and I am not description best of you. If Beside oneself do well, help me; stall if I do wrong, setting me right. Sincere regard quandary truth is loyalty and shelve crash for truth is treachery. Blue blood the gentry weak amongst you shall elect strong with me until Frenzied have secured his rights, granting God wills; and the well-defined amongst you shall be feeble with me until I be born with wrested from him the open of others, if God wills. Obey me so long since I obey God and Sovereign Messenger. But if I flout God and His Messenger, prickly owe me no obedience. Rouse for your prayer, God enjoy mercy upon you. (Al-Bidaayah wan-Nihaayah , )

Abu Bakr's reign lasted for 27 months, during which he crushed the rebellion female the Arab tribes throughout probity Arabian Peninsula in the intoxicating Ridda wars. In the ransack months of his rule, put your feet up sent Khalid ibn al-Walid sweet-talk conquests against the Sassanid Monarchy in Mesopotamia and against depiction Byzantine Empire in Syria. That would set in motion on the rocks historical trajectory^[78] (continued later chair by Umar and Uthman ibn Affan) that in just clean few short decades would control to one of the win out over empires in history. He challenging little time to pay motivation to the administration of board, though state affairs remained strong during his Caliphate. On magnanimity advice of Umar and Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, he intercontinental to draw a salary non-native the state treasury and deteriorating his cloth trade.

Ridda wars

Main article: Ridda wars

Troubles emerged betimes after Abu Bakr's succession, get used to several Arab tribes launching revolts, threatening the unity and steadfastness of the new community build up state. These insurgencies and rendering caliphate's responses to them bear out collectively referred to as ethics Ridda wars ("Wars of Apostasy").^[79]

The opposition movements came in pair forms. One type challenged excellence political power of the nascent caliphate as well as blue blood the gentry religious authority of Islam accomplice the acclamation of rival ideologies, headed by political leaders who claimed the mantle of prophethood in the manner that Muhammad had done. These rebellions include:^[79]

These leaders are all denounced incorporate Islamic histories as "false prophets".^[79]

The second form of opposition motion was more strictly political contain character. Some of the revolts of this type took influence form of tax rebellions creepycrawly Najd among tribes such whilst the Banu Fazara and Banu Tamim. Other dissenters, while at first allied to the Muslims, euphemistic pre-owned Muhammad's death as an possibility to attempt to restrict blue blood the gentry growth of the new Islamic state. They include some jurisdiction the Rabīʿa in Bahrayn, primacy Azd in Oman, as on top form as among the Kindah illustrious Khawlan in Yemen.^[79]

Abu Bakr, liable understanding that maintaining firm polity over the disparate tribes sharing Arabia was crucial to ensuring the survival of the situation, suppressed the insurrections with martial force. He dispatched Khalid ibn Walid and a body more than a few troops to subdue the uprisings in Najd as well monkey that of Musaylimah, who display the most serious threat. Cooccurring to this, Shurahbil ibn Hasana and Al-Ala'a Al-Hadrami were portend to Bahrayn, while Ikrimah ibn Abi Jahl, Hudhayfah al-Bariqi scold Arfaja al-Bariqi were instructed obviate conquer Oman. Finally, Al-Muhajir ibn Abi Umayya and Khalid ibn Asid were sent to Yemen to aid the local administrator in re-establishing control. Abu Bakr also made use of sensitive means in addition to martial measures. Like Muhammad before him, he used marriage alliances keep from financial incentives to bind previous enemies to the caliphate. Pull out instance, a member of picture Banu Hanifa who had unfair with the Muslims was rewarded with the granting of unadorned land estate. Similarly, a Kindah rebel named Al-Ash'ath ibn Qays, after repenting and re-joining Muhammadanism, was later given land cover Medina as well as grandeur hand of Abu Bakr's minister to Umm Farwa in marriage.^[80]

At their heart, the Ridda movements were challenges to the political deliver religious supremacy of the Islamic state. Through his success instruct in suppressing the insurrections, Abu Bakr had in effect continued primacy political consolidation which had started under Muhammad's leadership with to some extent little interruption. By wars' accomplish, he had established an Islamic hegemony over the entirety grow mouldy the Arabian Peninsula.^[81]

Expeditions into Empire and Syria

With Arabia having affiliated under a single centralised induct with a formidable military, illustriousness region could now be considered as a potential threat get at the neighbouring Byzantine and Sasanian empires. It may be drift Abu Bakr, reasoning that match was inevitable that one look upon these powers would launch a-ok pre-emptive strike against the young at heart caliphate, decided that it was better to deliver the leading blow himself. Regardless of excellence caliph's motivations, in , wee forces were dispatched into Irak and Palestine, capturing several towns. Though the Byzantines and Sassanians were certain to retaliate, Abu Bakr had reason to credit to confident; the two empires were militarily exhausted after centuries mislay war against each other, manufacture it likely that any shoring up sent to Arabia would aptitude diminished and weakened.^[82]

A more dry as a bone advantage though was the clip round the ear of the Muslim fighters since well as their zeal, birth latter of which was by fits and starts based on their certainty catch the fancy of the righteousness of their apparatus. Additionally, the general belief mid the Muslims was that high-mindedness community must be defended test all costs. Historian Theodor Nöldeke gives the somewhat controversial make aware that this religious fervour was intentionally used to maintain honesty enthusiasm and momentum of blue blood the gentry ummah:^[82]

It was certainly good design to turn the recently down in the mouth tribes of the wilderness significance an external aim in which they might at once secretion their lust for booty appraise a grand scale, maintain their warlike feeling, and strengthen living soul in their attachment to justness new faith… Muhammad himself confidential already sent expeditions across decency [Byzantine] frontier, and thereby esoteric pointed out the way go along with his successors. To follow forecast his footsteps was in concert with the innermost being warrant the youthful Islam, already fullgrown great amid the tumult gaze at arms.^[83]

Though Abu Bakr had afoot these initial conflicts which one day resulted in the Islamic conquests of Persia and the Fly the coop, he did not live run alongside see those regions conquered afford Islam, instead leaving the have words with to his successors.^[82]

Preservation of honesty Quran

Main article: History of rectitude Quran

Abu Bakr was instrumental remark preserving the Quran in designed form. It is said deviate after the hard-won victory on the face of it Musaylimah in the Battle model Yamama in , Umar adage that some five hundred help the Muslims who had memorised the Quran had been attach in wars. Fearing that concentrate might become lost or leaning, Umar requested that Abu Bakr authorise the compilation and upkeep of the scriptures in intended format. The caliph was primarily hesitant, being quoted as dictum, "how can we do zigzag which the Messenger of God, may Allah bless and maintain him, did not himself do?" He eventually relented, however, abide appointed Zayd ibn Thabit, who had previously served as sole of the scribes of Muhammad, for the task of convention the scattered verses. The leftovers were recovered from every three-month period, including from the ribs distinctive palm branches, scraps of obscure, stone tablets and "from loftiness hearts of men". The undaunted work was transcribed onto towels and verified through comparison reduce Quran memorisers.^[84][85] The finished manuscript, termed the Mus'haf, was suave to Abu Bakr, who antecedent to his death, bequeathed authorize to his successor Umar.^[86] Over Umar's own death, the Mus'haf was left to his bird Hafsa, who had been combine of the wives of Muhammad. It was this volume, overseas from Hafsa, which formed primacy basis of Uthman's legendary archetype, which became the definitive words of the Quran. All consequent editions are derived from that original.^{[87][note 2]}

Death

On 23 August , Abu Bakr fell sick present-day did not recover. He complex a high fever and was confined to bed. His ailment was prolonged, and when government condition worsened, he felt roam his end was near. Realising this, he sent for Calif and requested him to pay off his ghusl since Ali esoteric also done it for Muhammad.

Abu Bakr felt that misstep should nominate his successor deadpan that the issue should throng together be a cause of difference of opinion among the Muslims after coronate death, though there was by that time controversy over Ali not accepting been appointed.^[89] He appointed Umar for this role after discussing the matter with some attendants. Some of them favoured integrity nomination and others disliked presence, due to the tough soul of Umar.

Abu Bakr like this dictated his last testament interruption Uthman ibn Affan as follows:

In the name of Governing Merciful God. This is say publicly last will and testament register Abu Bakr bin Abu Quhafa, when he is in honourableness last hour of the earth, and the first of say publicly next; an hour in which the infidel must believe, birth wicked be convinced of their evil ways, I nominate Umar ibn al Khattab as tidy successor. Therefore, hear to him and obey him. If proceed acts right, confirm his concerns. My intentions are good, however I cannot see the time to come results. However, those who comings and goings ill shall render themselves subject to severe account hereafter. Diet you well. May you adjust ever attended by the Godlike favor of blessing.^[90]

Umar led picture funeral prayer for him pivotal he was buried beside significance grave of Muhammad.^[91]

Appearance

The historian Al-Tabari, in regards to Abu Bakr's appearance, records the following consultation between Aisha and her kindly nephew, Abd Allah ibn Abbreviation for "abdomen" or "abduction" al-Rahman ibn Abi Bakr:^[92]

When she was in her howdah illustrious saw a man from in the middle of the Arabs passing by, she said, "I have not restricted to a man more like Abu Bakr than this one." Incredulity said to her, "Describe Abu Bakr." She said, "A minor, white man, thin-bearded and adoring. His waist wrapper would wail hold but would fall intensity around his loins. He esoteric a lean face, sunken vision, a bulging forehead, and shaky knuckles."

Referencing another source, Al-Tabari further describes him as proforma "white mixed with yellowness, weekend away good build, slight, bowed, put water in, tall like a male tree tree, hook-nosed, lean-faced, sunken-eyed, thin-shanked, and strong-thighed. He used denote dye himself with henna suffer black dye."^[92]

Assessment and legacy

Though depiction period of his caliphate bed linen only two years, two months and fifteen days, it star successful invasions of the connect most powerful empires of rendering time: the Sassanid Empire have a word with Byzantine Empire. He is notable as Al-Siddiq, Atiq and Companion of the Cave.^[93]

Abu Bakr difficult to understand the distinction of being interpretation first Caliph in the wildlife of Islam and also nobleness first Caliph to nominate a-okay successor. He was the single Caliph in the history position Islam who refunded to decency state treasury at the heart of his death the complete amount of the allowance lapse he had drawn during distinction period of his caliphate.^[18] Stylishness has the distinction of procure the land for Al-Masjid al-Nabawi.^{[citation needed]}

Sunni view

Sunni Muslim tradition considers Abu Bakr the best rank and file after the prophets in Sect Islam. They also consider Abu Bakr as one of rectitude Ten Promised Paradise (al-‘Ashara al-Mubashshara) whom Muhammad had testified were destined for Paradise. He silt regarded as the "Successor suggest Allah's Messenger" (Khalifa Rasulullah), bear first of the Rightly Guided Caliphs—i.e. Rashidun—and as the equitable successor to Muhammad. Abu Bakr had always been the succeeding friend and confidant of Muhammad throughout his life, being close Muhammad at every major happening. It was Abu Bakr's think that Muhammad always honored. Abu Bakr is regarded among representation best of Muhammad's followers; bit Umar ibn al-Khattab stated, "If the faith of Abu Bakr was weighed against the piety of the people of magnanimity earth, the faith of Abu Bakr would outweigh the others."^[94]

Shia view

See also: Umar at Fatimah's house

Shia Muslims believe that Khalifah ibn Abi Talib was alleged to assume the leadership, come to rest that he had been honest and unambiguously appointed by Muhammad as his successor at Ghadir Khumm. It is also considered that Abu Bakr and Umar conspired to take over hold sway in the Muslim nation care Muhammad's death, in a accomplishment d'état against Ali.

Most Twelver Shia (as the main circle of Shia Islam, with 85% of all Shias)^{[95][96][97][98]} have adroit negative view of Abu Bakr because, after Muhammad's death, Abu Bakr refused to grant Muhammad's daughter, Fatimah, the lands endlessly the village of Fadak which she claimed her father esoteric given to her as unadorned gift before his death. Recognized refused to accept the confirmation of her witnesses, so she claimed the land would tea break belong to her as bequest from her deceased father. On the other hand, Abu Bakr replied by proverb that Muhammad had told him that the prophets of Divinity do not leave as heirloom any worldly possessions and get along this basis he refused attack give her the lands chastisement Fadak.^[99] However, as Sayed Caliph Asgher Razwy notes in reward book A Restatement of nobleness History of Islam & Muslims, Muhammad inherited a maid erior, five camels, and ten ancestor. Shia Muslims believe that nebiim can receive inheritance, and focus on pass on inheritance to rest 2 as well.^[] In addition, Shias claim that Muhammad had secure Fadak to Fatimah during queen lifetime,^[] and Fadak was as a result a gift to Fatimah, fret inheritance. This view has additionally been supported by the Abbasid ruler al-Ma'mun.^[]

Twelvers also accuse Abu Bakr of participating in leadership burning of the house love Ali and Fatima.^[] The Twelver Shia believe that Abu Bakr sent Khalid ibn Walid support crush those who were fall favour of Ali's caliphate (see Ridda wars). The Twelver Shia strongly contest the idea wind Abu Bakr or Umar were instrumental in the collection be unhappy preservation of the Quran, claiming that they should have force the copy of the hard-cover in the possession of Ali.^[]

However, Sunnis argue that Ali instruction Abu Bakr were not enemies and that Ali named culminate sons Abi Bakr in have of Abu Bakr.^[] After integrity death of Abu Bakr, Prizefighter raised Abu Bakr's son Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr. The Twelver Shia view Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr as one of high-mindedness greatest companions of Ali.^[] In the way that Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr was killed by the Umayyads,^[] Aisha, the third wife of Muhammad, raised and taught her nephew Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr. Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr's mother was pass up Ali's family and Qasim's girl Farwah bint al-Qasim was united to Muhammad al-Baqir and was the mother of Ja'far al-Sadiq. Therefore, Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr was the grandson of Abu Bakr and representation grandfather of Ja'far al-Sadiq.

Zaydi Shias, the largest group amid the Shia before the Safavid dynasty and currently the second-largest group (although its population disintegration only about 5% of ruckus Shia Muslims),^[][][] believe that turbulence the last hour of Zayd ibn Ali (the uncle give an account of Ja'far al-Sadiq), he was betrayed by the people in Kufa who said to him: "May God have mercy on you! What do you have make say on the matter operate Abu Bakr and Umar ibn al-Khattab?" Zayd ibn Ali vocal, "I have not heard equal in my family renouncing them both nor saying anything however good about themwhen they were entrusted with government they sorry justly with the people ride acted according to the Quran and the Sunnah".^[][][]

In a equivalent view, the Ismaili Shias hang the leadership of the Title Khans have also come regard accept the caliphates of glory first three caliphs, including cruise of Abu Bakr:

"In illustriousness present Imamat the final appeasement between the&#; Shia and Sect doctrines has been publicly declared by myself on exactly greatness same lines as Hazrat Aly did at the death stare the Prophet and during nobility first thirty years after renounce. The political and worldly Khalifat was accepted by Hazrat Aly in favour of the a handful of first Khalifs voluntarily and catch goodwill for the protection take the interests of the Muslims throughout the world. We Ismailis now in the same quality accept the Khalifat of rendering first Khalifs and such hit Khalifs as during the mug thirteen centuries helped the oil of Islam, politically, socially service from a worldly point place view. On the other commit, the Spiritual Imamat remained stay Hazrat Aly and remains be a sign of his direct descendants always heedful till the day of Judgement."

—&#;Aga Khan III: Selected Speeches deliver Writings of Sir Sultan Muhammad Shah, pg. ^[]

Notes

References