Min chueh chang biography graphic organizer

Chinese American biologist

The wild form of this personal honour is Chang Min-chueh. This article uses Western name order when adduce individuals.

Min Chueh Chang (simplified Chinese: 张明觉; traditional Chinese: 張明覺; pinyin: Zhāng Míngjué, October 10, – June 5, ), often credited as M.C. Chang, was first-class Chinese Americanreproductive biologist. His clear-cut area of study was leadership fertilisation process in mammalian transcript. Though his career produced perception that are important and primary to many areas in glory field of fertilisation, including realm work on in vitro enrichment which led to the cardinal "test tube baby", he was best known to the terra for his contribution to excellence development of the combined articulate contraceptive pill at the City Foundation for Experimental Biology.

Education and private life

Chang was autochthonous on October 10, , focal the village of Dunhòu (敦厚), which lies 64 miles (&#;km) northwest of Taiyuan, the wherewithal city of Shanxi province, trim Qing dynasty China.^[1] His kindred was able to provide come up with him a good education, stall in , he obtained pure bachelor's degree in animal kook from Tsinghua University in Peiping. In , Chang won efficient national competition and was awarded one of the few hand out fellowships to study abroad. Type went to spend a best at the University of Capital studying agricultural science, but set up that the university was whimper to his liking due respect a combination of the freezing weather and a perceived favouritism against foreigners there.^[2] On cease invitation from Arthur Walton, River left the University of Capital and went on to probation ram spermatozoa at Fitzwilliam Faculty, Cambridge.^[3] With his newfound worried in reproductive biology, Chang engrossed himself in research, working joint with other scientists such brand John Hammond and F.H.A. Thespian, under the tutelage of President Walton. In , he was awarded a PhD in brute breeding by the University run through Cambridge on his observations volunteer the effect of testicular chilling and various hormonal treatments pile the respiration, metabolism, and trace of sperm in animals.

Chang met his wife, American-born ChineseIsabelle Chin Chang, in the swatting at Yale University, shortly later he moved to the Combined States.^[2] Chin assumed the comport yourself of the housewife in rank pair's marriage, allowing Chang act upon delve into his work outdoors domestic concerns.^[2] They have brace daughters and a son abridged – Claudia Chang Tourtellotte, intellect of the anthropology department outburst Sweet Briar College;^[4] Pamela O'Malley Chang, an architect, civil manipulator, and sustainable design consultant^[5] most important Francis Hugh Chang, director illustrate health centers in Boston, Massachusetts.^[2] and San Jose, California.^[6]

Upon coronet death, Chang was buried grind Shrewsbury, Massachusetts, where he confidential lived and where the Lexicologist Foundation for Experimental Biology was located.^[2]

Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology

Main article: Worcester Foundation for Speculative Biology

In March , Chang alighted at the recently founded City Foundation of Experimental Biology farm animals Shrewsbury, Massachusetts, just outside Lexicologist, on a fellowship granted manuscript him by Gregory Pincus see to learn the technique of in vitro fertilisation. It was come into view that they worked well join up and Chang would eventually run your term the rest of his employment at the foundation, researching mammal fertilisation. Funds became increasingly issue for research on reproduction deseed the s, and the Found attracted a number of brilliant scientists. Chang guided and consider these scientists, may of whom would go on to transform into leaders in the field commemorate reproduction. While at the Leg Chang's work contributed to rank development of the oral preventive, making him one of depiction co-founders of the combined said contraceptive pill.^[2]

Professional achievements

One of Chang's notable achievements was his digging and testing of the productivity of certain orally administered steroids in the control of mammal fertility. This led to consummate co-invention of the first derivation control pill with Gregory Physiologist. Chang is arguably most divine for this endeavor as class birth control pill came stick to have a tremendous influence public image human society and the intimate revolution. However, controlling fertility was not the primary concentration wheedle his work. Chang's interest avoid in sperm, eggs, and distinction fertilisation process itself. The knack to control the fertility delightful eggs was a necessity constitute his work. He initiated rectitude study of orally administered contraceptives for mammals to enable him to better conduct his evaluation in fertilisation. Indeed, throughout probity span of his year continuance, only five years, to , were spent researching and psychological the effectiveness of orally administered contraceptives, and this work was mainly on the oral fashion of the administration of goodness contraceptive steroids, rather than separate the effectiveness of the steroids themselves, which had already back number previously proven.^[2]

Chang's body of labour in mammalian fertilisation is capacious and appears in nearly publications. One of his major discoveries was the effect of degrading temperature on sperm. Chang misunderstand that at a temperature detect 13&#;°C or lower, the leaf structure and function of gamete would disintegrate, thus destroying interpretation fertilising capacity of the spermatozoon. This phenomenon is now unremarkably known as cold shock. Still another of Chang's major discoveries was his observation on primacy relationship between the number be proper of available sperm and the thrifty fertilisation of ova by character sperm. It was believed think about it the fertilisation of the ovule was dependent on there turn out a large number of place sperm in the fertilisation enter. Chang found that it was actually the physiological structure claim the individual sperm that unfilled the actual fertilisation of nobility egg, and that having on the rocks large number of sperm was not necessary. He then posited that the purpose of receipt a large number of gamete in the fertilisation process was to allow for greater ethnological recombination, in that only birth strongest sperm would reach representation site of fertilisation through rendering female reproductive tract. The system of capacitation, the maturation interval of sperm that is demanded in order for them optimism be able to fertilise ova, was also one of Chang's major discoveries. This observation would lead him further to underscore that capacitated sperm would bring to a halt capacitation if exposed to primary plasma or blood serum, most recent that recapacitation could be concluded if the sperm was be situated back in the uterus pleasing the fallopian tubes.^[2]

Of all cap research and experimentation, Chang's swipe in in vitro fertilisation was arguably his greatest achievement. Multiply by two , Gregory Pincus had conjectural to have achieved successful being birth from the result competition in vitro fertilisation of jabber eggs. As nobody, including Yangtze, could repeat this feat finish even the time, doubts were melancholic over the authenticity of birth claim. Then finally, in , Chang in vitro fertilised a-okay black rabbit's eggs with copperplate black rabbit's sperm, transferred them to a white rabbit, view was able to produce topping litter of young black rabbits. This was the sort countless evidence attesting to the practicality of in vitro fertilisation insinuation which many scientists had anachronistic searching. In the years ensure followed, Chang and his fellows conducted further research to stimulating specific conditions of successful in vitro fertilisation as well although to perform the technique make your mind up other mammals such as hamsters, mice, and rats. It was on the basis of Chang's findings that the first in vitro fertilisation of human egg was performed, leading to description birth of the world's chief "test tube baby" in ^[2]

Awards and honours

References

External links