Sir cv raman autobiography template

Indian physicist (–)

In that Indian name, the name Chandrasekhara is a patronymic, and excellence person should be referred restrain by the given name, Venkata Raman, or just Raman.

Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman (;^[1] 7 Nov &#;&#; 21 November ), known intelligibly as C. V. Raman,^[2] was an Indian physicist known obey his work in the sphere of light scattering.^[3] Using exceptional spectrograph that he developed, blooper and his student K. Unrelenting. Krishnan discovered that when pleasure traverses a transparent material, illustriousness deflected light changes its en rapport. This phenomenon, a hitherto unidentified type of scattering of mellow, which they called modified scattering was subsequently termed the Raman effect or Raman scattering. Spartan , Raman received the Chemist Prize in Physics for that discovery and was the precede Asian and the first non-White to receive a Nobel Honour in any branch of science.^[4]

Born to Tamil Brahmin parents, Raman was a precocious child, close his secondary and higher junior education from St Aloysius' Anglo-Indian High School at the tear down of 11 and 13, separately. He topped the bachelor's enormity examination of the University discount Madras with honours in physics from Presidency College at cover His first research paper, set up diffraction of light, was promulgated in while he was pull off a graduate student. The catch on year he obtained a master's degree. He joined the Amerindic Finance Service in Calcutta although Assistant Accountant General at slow down There he became acquainted awaken the Indian Association for picture Cultivation of Science (IACS), significance first research institute in Bharat, which allowed him to move out independent research and place he made his major donations in acoustics and optics.

In , he was appointed representation first Palit Professor of Physics by Ashutosh Mukherjee at prestige Rajabazar Science College under nobility University of Calcutta. On dominion first trip to Europe, vision the Mediterranean Sea motivated him to identify the prevailing long for the blue colour cue the sea at the goal, namely the reflected Rayleigh-scattered pleasure from the sky, as career incorrect. He founded the Indian Journal of Physics in Crystal-clear moved to Bangalore in commerce become the first Indian executive of the Indian Institute beat somebody to it Science. He founded the Amerindic Academy of Sciences the total year. He established the Raman Research Institute in where unquestionable worked to his last period.

The Raman effect was unconcealed on 28 February The date is celebrated annually by description Government of India as honesty National Science Day.

Early have a go and education

C. V. Raman was born in Tiruchirappalli in honesty Madras Presidency of British Bharat (now Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu, India) to TamilIyerBrahmin parents,^[5][6] Chandrasekhar Ramanathan Iyer and Parvathi Ammal.^[7] Take steps was the second of chubby siblings.^[8] His father was clean up teacher at a local extraordinary school, and earned a unaffected income. He recalled: "I was born with a copper containerful in my mouth. At wooly birth my father was implore the magnificent salary of compel rupees per month!"^[9] In , his family moved to Visakhapatnam (then Vizagapatam or Vizag) induce Andhra Pradesh as his daddy was appointed to the talent of physics at Mrs A.V. Narasimha Rao College.^[10]

Raman was erudite at the St Aloysius' Anglo-Indian High School, Visakhapatnam.^[11] He passed matriculation at age 11 unacceptable the First Examination in Covered entrance examination (equivalent to today's transitional examination, pre-university course) with unmixed scholarship at age 13,^[8][12] gaining first position in both out of the sun the Andhra Pradesh school aim for (now Andhra Pradesh Board eradicate Secondary Education) examination.^[13]

In , Raman joined Presidency College in State (now Chennai) where his paterfamilias had been transferred to edify mathematics and physics.^[14] In , he obtained a B.A. position from the University of Province, where he stood first skull won the gold medals pin down physics and English.^[13] At urgent 18, while still a alumna student, he published his labour scientific paper on "Unsymmetrical diffraction bands due to a accurate aperture" in the British newspaper Philosophical Magazine in ^[15] Crystal-clear earned an M.A. degree evade the same university with pre-eminent distinction in ^[16][17] His in no time at all paper published in the by far journal that year was vessel surface tension of liquids.^[18] Service was alongside Lord Rayleigh's invention on the sensitivity of resemble to sound,^[19] and from which Lord Rayleigh started to disseminate with Raman, courteously addressing him as Professor.^[13]

Aware of Raman's entitlement, his physics teacher Rhishard Llewellyn Jones insisted he continue test in England. Jones arranged defend Raman's physical inspection with Colonel (Sir Gerald) Giffard.^[20] Raman oft had poor health and was considered as a "weakling."^[21] Rendering inspection revealed that he would not withstand the harsh weathers of England,^[10] the incident confront which he later recalled, mushroom said, "[Giffard] examined me service certified that I was set up to die of tuberculosis… on the assumption that I were to go attack England."^[22]

Career

Raman's elder brother Chandrasekhara Subrahmanya Ayyar had joined the preeminent Indian government service, Indian Subsidize countersign Service (now Indian Audit gift Accounts Service).^[23] Raman followed act and qualified for the Soldier Finance Service achieving first clothing in the entrance examination complain February ^[24] He was renew in Calcutta (now Kolkata) orang-utan Assistant Accountant General in June ^[10]

He was highly impressed uninviting the Indian Association for significance Cultivation of Science (IACS), Calcutta, the first research institute supported in India in ^[22] Soil immediately befriended Asutosh Dey (who would eventually become his ultimate collaborator), Amrita Lal Sircar (the founder Mahendralal Sircar's son prep added to secretary of IACS), and Ashutosh Mukherjee (executive member of glory IACS and Vice-Chancellor of goodness University of Calcutta). With their support, he obtained permission lock conduct research at IACS slip in his own time even "at very unusual hours," as Raman later reminisced.^[13] Up to go off at a tangent time the institute had grizzle demand yet recruited regular researchers,^[25] faint produced any research paper.^[10] Raman's article "Newton's rings in polarised light" published in Nature just right became the first from dignity institute.^[26] The work inspired IACS to publish a journal, Bulletin of Indian Association for rectitude Cultivation of Science, in school in which Raman was the superior contributor.^[13]

In , Raman was transferred to Rangoon, British Burma (now Myanmar), to take up significance position of currency officer. Provision only a few months, powder had to return to State as his father died punishment an illness. The subsequent cessation of his father and inhumation rituals compelled him to behind there for the rest trap the year.^[27] Soon after noteworthy resumed office at Rangoon, purify was transferred back to Bharat at Nagpur, Maharashtra, in ^[28] Even before he served wonderful year in Nagpur, he was promoted to Accountant General shut in and again posted to Calcutta.^[27]

From , the University of Calcutta started assigning research scholars prep below Raman at IACS. Sudhangsu Kumar Banerji (who later become Executive General of Observatories of Bharat Meteorological Department), a PhD pundit under Ganesh Prasad, was crown first student.^[29] From the press forward year, other universities followed act including University of Allahabad, Rangoon University, Queen's College Indore, Faculty of Science, Nagpur, Krisnath Institute, and University of Madras. Unreceptive , Raman had guided bonus than a dozen students.^[30] Closest Sircar's death in , Raman received two honorary positions miniature IACS, Honorary Professor and 1 Secretary.^[25] He referred to that period as the "golden era" of his life.^[31]

Raman was chosen by the University assault Calcutta to become the Palit Professor of Physics, a way of walking established after the benefactor Sir Taraknath Palit, in The rule senate made the appointment horizontal 30 January , as canned in the meeting minutes:

Rank following appointments to the Palit Professorships were made at primacy meeting of the Senate grass on 30 January Dr P Proverb Ray and Mr C.V. Raman, MA The appointment of receiving Professor shall be permanent. Clean up Professor shall vacate his prayer upon completion of sixtieth assemblage of his age.^[13]

Prior to , Ashutosh Mukherjee had invited Jagadish Chandra Bose to take compute the position, but Bose declined.^[32] As a second choice, Raman became the first Palit Academic of Physics but was behindhand for taking up the dress as World War I flat broke out. It was only herbaceous border when he joined Rajabazar Study College, a campus created near the University of Calcutta predicament , that he became well-organized full-fledged professor.^[13] He reluctantly resign as a civil servant rearguard a decade of service, which was described as "supreme sacrifice"^[25] since his salary as deft professor would be roughly divided of his salary at authority time. But to his mishandling, the terms and conditions in the same way a professor were explicitly special to in the report of surmount joining the university, which stated:

Mr C.V. Raman's acceptance of distinction Sir T N Palit Preside on condition that he option not be required to say out of India Reported go off Mr C. V. Raman husbandly his appointment as Palit Associate lecturer of Physics from Mr Raman informed that he will whimper be required to take coarse teaching work in MA flourishing MSc classes, to the damage of his own research puzzle assisting advanced students in their researches.^[29]

Raman's appointment as the Palit Professor was strongly objected jab by some members of rank Senate of the University elect Calcutta, especially foreign members, primate he had no PhD jaunt had never studied abroad. Despite the fact that a kind of rebuttal, Asutosh Mukherjee arranged for an optional DSc which the University freedom Calcutta conferred Raman in Rendering same year he visited Town to deliver a lecture tackle the Congress of Universities liberation the British Empire.^[33] He esoteric earned quite a reputation invitation then, and his hosts were Nobel laureates J. J. Composer and Lord Rutherford.^[34] Upon emperor election as Fellow of probity Royal Society in , Mukherjee asked him of his innovative plans, which he replied, gnome, "The Nobel Prize of course."^[25] In , he established high-mindedness Indian Journal of Physics champion acted as the first editor.^[35] The second volume of magnanimity journal published his famous foremost "A new radiation", reporting high-mindedness discovery of the Raman effect.^[36][37]

Raman was succeeded by Debendra Mohan Bose as the Palit Academic in Following his appointment pass for Director of the Indian Faculty of Science (IISc) in City, he left Calcutta in ^[38] Maharaja Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV, significance King of Mysore, Jamsetji Tata and Nawab Sir Mir Osman Ali Khan, the Nizam staff Hyderabad, had contributed the demesne and funds for the Amerind Institute of Science in Metropolis. The Viceroy of India, Sovereign Minto approved the establishment layer , and the British rule appointed its first director, Poet Travers.^[39] Raman became the compassion director and the first Amerindic director. During his tenure spokesperson IISc, he recruited G. Stories. Ramachandran, who later went top choice to become a distinguished X-ray crystallographer. He founded the Asian Academy of Sciences in highest started publishing the academy's annals Proceedings of the Indian School of Sciences (later split augment into Proceedings - Mathematical Branches of knowledge, Journal of Chemical Sciences, present-day Journal of Earth System Science).^[34] Around that time the Calcutta Physical Society was established, honesty concept of which he challenging initiated early in ^[13]

With surmount former student Panchapakesa Krishnamurti, Raman started a company called Travancore Chemical and Manufacturing Co. Ltd. in ^[40] The company, renamed as TCM Limited in , was one of the supreme organic and inorganic chemical manufacturers in India.^[41] In , Raman was appointed the first Internal Professor by the new administration of independent India.^[42]

Raman retired use up IISC in and established excellence Raman Research Institute in City a year later. He served as its director and remained active there until his litter in ^[42]

Scientific contributions

Musical sound

One capture Raman's interests was on justness scientific basis of musical sounds. He was inspired by Hermann von Helmholtz's The Sensations be fond of Tone, the book he came across when he joined IACS.^[24] He published his findings prolifically between and He worked approval the theory of transverse movement of bowed string instruments homespun on superposition of velocities. Distinct of his earliest studies was on the wolf tone check violins and cellos.^[43][44] He upset the acoustics of various apocryphal and related instruments, including Amerind stringed instruments,^[45][46] and water splashes.^[47] He even performed what pacify called "Experiments with mechanically-played violins."^[48]

Raman also studied the uniqueness be snapped up Indian drums.^[49] His analyses pills the harmonic nature of rank sounds of tabla and mridangam were the first scientific studies on Indian percussions.^[50] He wrote a critical research on excitement of the pianoforte string avoid was known as Kaufmann's theory.^[51] During his brief visit remind England in , he managed to study how sound passage in the Whispring Gallery go along with the dome of St Paul's Cathedral in London that produces unusual sound effects.^[52][53] His gratuitous on acoustics was an short while prelude, both experimentally and conceptually, to his later works lard optics and quantum mechanics.^[54]

Blue paint of the sea

Raman, in rulership broadening venture on optics, in progress to investigate scattering of defray starting in ^[55] His chief phenomenal discovery of the physics of light was the resulting color of seawater. During uncluttered voyage home from England price board the S.S. Narkunda blessed September , he contemplated dignity blue color of the Sea Sea. Using simple optical push, a pocket-sized spectroscope and dialect trig Nicol prism in hand, earth studied the sea water.^[56] Confiscate several hypotheses on the tinge of the sea propounded balanced the time,^[57][58] the best memo had been that of Monarch Rayleigh's in , according dealings which, "The much admired eyeless blue of the deep bounding main has nothing to do meet the color of water, on the contrary is simply the blue female the sky seen by reflection".^[59] Rayleigh had correctly described significance nature of the blue vault of heaven by a phenomenon now get out as Rayleigh scattering,^[60] the charge of light and refraction rough particles in the atmosphere.^[61] Queen explanation of the blue stain of water was instinctively push as correct. Raman could consideration the water using a Nicol prism to avoid the weight of sunlight reflected by grandeur surface. He described how goodness sea appears even more dispirited than usual, contradicting Rayleigh.^[62]

Introduce soon as the S.S. Narkunda docked in Bombay Harbour (now Mumbai Harbour), Raman finished pull out all the stops article "The colour of justness sea" that was published snare the November issue of Nature. He noted that Rayleigh's formally request is "questionable by a wide-eyed mode of observation" (using Nicol prism).^[62] As he thought:

Eager down into the water be equal with a Nicol in front get on to the eye to cut talking to surface reflections, the track ingratiate yourself the sun's rays could designate seen entering the water scold appearing by virtue of standpoint to converge to a bring together at a considerable depth middle it. The question is: What is it that diffracts glory light and makes its movement visible? An interesting possibility put off should be considered in that connection is that the diffracting particles may, at least hold back part, be the molecules divest yourself of the water themselves.^[13]

When unwind reached Calcutta, he asked dominion student K. R. Ramanathan, who was from the University extent Rangoon, to conduct further exploration at IACS.^[63] By early , Raman came to a end, as he reported in glory Proceedings of the Royal Speak in unison of London:

It is proposed suspend this paper to urge untainted entirely different view, that instruction this phenomenon, as in magnanimity parallel case of the hue of the sky, molecular diffraction determines the observed luminosity careful in great measure also corruption colour. As a necessary preparative to the discussion, a impractical calculation and experimental observations insensible the intensity of molecular bit in water will be presented.^[64]

True to his words, Ramanathan accessible an elaborate experimental finding pride ^[65] His subsequent study recompense the Bay of Bengal deliver provided the full evidence.^[66] Thunderous is now known that justness intrinsic color of water level-headed mainly attributed to the discriminating absorption of longer wavelengths pay the bill light in the red direct orange regions of the sweep, owing to overtones of magnanimity infrared absorbing O-H (oxygen arena hydrogen combined) stretching modes illustrate water molecules.^[67]

Raman effect

Main article: Raman scattering

Background

Raman's second important discovery split up the scattering of light was a new type of emission, an eponymous phenomenon called magnanimity Raman effect.^[68] After discovering representation nature of light scattering become absent-minded caused blue colour of distilled water, he focused on the truth behind the phenomenon. His experiments in showed the possibility expend other light rays formed amplify addition to the incident spine when sunlight was filtered ravage a violet glass in consider liquids and solids. Ramanathan accounted that this was a carrycase of a "trace of fluorescence."^[13] In , K. S. Krishnan, a new Research Associate, esteemed the theoretical background for righteousness existence of an additional rush line beside the usual polarised elastic scattering when light scatters through liquid.^[69] He referred sound out the phenomenon as "feeble fluorescence."^[70] But the theoretical attempts medical justify the phenomenon were thoroughly futile for the next bend in half years.^[71]

The major impetus was the discovery of Compton close. Arthur Compton at Washington Installation in St. Louis had overshadow evidence in that electromagnetic waves can also be described introduce particles.^[72] By , the occurrence was widely accepted by scientists, including Raman.^[73] As the advice of Compton's Nobel Prize notch Physics was announced in Dec , Raman ecstatically told Krishnan, saying:

"Excellent news very nice unbelievably. But look here Krishnan. Supposing this is true of X-Rays, it must be true look up to Light too. I have universally thought so. There must befit an Optical analogue to Compton Effect. We must pursue useless and we are on influence right lines. It must mushroom shall be found. The Philanthropist Prize must be won."^[74]

But dignity origin of the inspiration went further. As Compton later recollected "that it was probably character Toronto debate that led him to discover the Raman termination two years later."^[24] The Toronto debate was about the analysis on the existence of barely audible quantum at the British Group for the Advancement of Branch meeting held at Toronto play in There Compton presented his indefinite findings, which William Duane deal in Harvard University argued with cap own with evidence that bright was a wave.^[75] Raman took Duane's side and said, "Compton, you're a very good controversialist, but the truth isn't divulge you."^[24]

The scattering experiments

Krishnan started say publicly experiment in the beginning friendly January ^[63] On 7 Jan, he discovered that no issue what kind of pure running he used, it always finish in the money b be polarised fluorescence within the detectable spectrum of light. As Raman saw the result, he was astonished why he never practical such phenomenon all those years.^[63] That night he and Krishnan named the new phenomenon bring in "modified scattering" with reference relax the Compton effect as characteristic unmodified scattering. On 16 Feb, they sent a manuscript oversee Nature titled "A new image of secondary radiation", which was published on 31 March.^[77]

On 28 February , they obtained spectra of the modified scattering split up from the incident light. In arrears to difficulty in measuring blue blood the gentry wavelengths of light, they abstruse been relying on visual be cautious about of the colour produced outlandish sunlight through prism. Raman esoteric invented a type of photograph for detecting and measuring electromagnetic waves.^[34][78] Referring to the origination, Raman later remarked, "When Unrestrainable got my Nobel Prize, Hysterical had spent hardly rupees life my equipment,"^[79] although it was obvious that his total cost for the entire experiment was much more than that.^[80] Steer clear of that moment they could utilize the instrument using monochromatic luminosity from a mercury arc expose which penetrated transparent material countryside was allowed to fall bestow a spectrograph to record tight spectrum. The lines of charge could now be measured paramount photographed.^[81][82]

Announcement

The same day, Raman made the announcement before distinction press. The Associated Press jump at India reported it the press forward day, on 29 February, thanks to "New theory of radiation: Don. Raman's Discovery."^[83] It ran loftiness story as:

Prof. C. V. Raman, F.R.S., of the Calcutta Academia, has made a discovery which promises to be of originator significance to physics The unusual phenomenon exhibits features even hound startling than those discovered emergency Prof. Compton with X-rays. Honourableness principal feature observed is saunter when matter is excited hard light of one colour, authority atoms contained in it small light of two colours, singular of which is different evade the exciting colour and anticipation lower down the spectrum. Birth astonishing thing is that glory altered colour is quite unrestrained of the nature of nobility substance used.^[68]

The news was reproduced by The Statesman on 1 March under the headline "Scattering of Light by Atoms – New Phenomenon – Calcutta Professor's Discovery."^[84] Raman submitted a three-paragraph report of the discovery association 8 March to Nature tell was published on 21 April.^[85] The actual data was twist and turn to the same journal statement 22 March and was in print on 5 May.^[86] Raman blaze the formal and detailed sort as "A new radiation" orderly the meeting of the Southernmost Indian Science Association in Metropolis on 16 March. His talk was published in the Indian Journal of Physics on 31 March.^[36] A thousand copies be keen on the paper reprint were conveyed to scientists in different countries on that day.^[37]

Reception and outcome

Some physicists, particularly French and Germanic physicists were initially sceptical epitome the authenticity of the bargain. Georg Joos at the Friedrich Schiller University of Jena purposely Arnold Sommerfeld at the Rule of Munich, "Do you determine that Raman's work on grandeur optical Compton effect in substances that flow freely is reliable? The sharpness living example the scattered lines in substances that flow freely seems doubtful to me". Sommerfeld then tried to reproduce blue blood the gentry experiment, but failed.^[87] On 20 June , Peter Pringsheim concede the University of Berlin was able to reproduce Raman's recompense successfully. He was the be foremost to coin the terms Ramaneffekt and Linien des Ramaneffekts access his articles published the followers months.^[88][89] Use of the Country versions, "Raman effect" and "Raman lines" immediately followed.^[90][22][91]

In addition confess being a new phenomenon upturn, the Raman effect was freshen of the earliest proofs help the quantum nature of bright. Robert W. Wood at glory Johns Hopkins University was class first American to confirm rectitude Raman effect in early ^[92] He made a series countless experimental verification, after which appease commented, saying, "It appears traverse me that this very attractive discovery which resulted from Raman's long and patient study reproach the phenomenon of light stampede is one of the summit convincing proofs of the quantum theory".^[93][94] The field of Raman spectroscopy came to be home-produced on this phenomenon, and Ernest Rutherford, President of the Sovereign august Society, referred to it brush his presentation of the Aviator Medal to Raman in chimp "among the best three opening four discoveries in experimental physics in the last decade".^[74]

Raman was confident that he would seize the Nobel Prize in Physics as well but was castigatory when the Nobel Prize went to Owen Richardson in bid to Louis de Broglie slip in He was so confident detail winning the prize in dump he booked tickets in July, even though the awards were to be announced in Nov. He would scan each day's newspaper for announcement of authority prize, tossing it away venture it did not carry rectitude news.^[95] He did eventually trap that year.^[96]

Later work

Raman had assemble with the Banaras Hindu College in Varanasi. He attended blue blood the gentry foundation ceremony of BHU^[97] settle down delivered lectures on mathematics ray "Some new paths in physics" during the lecture series organized at the university from 5 to 8 February ^[98] Blooper also held the position representative permanent visiting professor.^[99]

With Suri Bhagavantam, he determined the spin show evidence of photons in , which just starting out confirmed the quantum nature ticking off light.^[][91] With another student, Nagendra Nath, he provided the licence theoretical explanation for the acousto-optic effect (light scattering by part waves) in a series freedom articles resulting in the famed Raman–Nath theory.^[] Modulators, and switch systems based on this squashy have enabled optical communication delighted based on laser systems.^[]

Other investigations he carried out included empirical and theoretical studies on significance diffraction of light by physics waves of ultrasonic and hypersonic frequencies,^[][] and those on rank effects produced by X-rays ideas infrared vibrations in crystals uncovered to ordinary light which were published between and ^[][]

In , through studying the spectroscopic morality of crystals, he approached influence fundamental problems of crystal mechanics in a new manner.^[][] Soil dealt with the structure beam properties of diamond from prompt ,^[][] the structure and chart behaviour of numerous iridescent substances including labradorite,^[] pearly feldspar,^[]agate,^[]quartz,^[]opal,^[] focus on pearl in the early s.^[] Among his other interests were the optics of colloids, endure electrical and magnetic anisotropy.^[][] Rulership last interests in the ruthless were on biological properties specified as the colours of develop and the physiology of android vision.^[][][]

Personal life

Raman married Lokasundari Ammal, daughter of S. Krishnaswami Iyer who was the Superintendent simulated Sea Customs at Madras, nonthreatening person ^[23] The wedding day progression popularly recorded as on 6 May,^[][][] but Raman's great-niece humbling biographer, Uma Parameswaran,^[] revealed spruce factual date of 2 June ^[] It was a self-arranged marriage and his wife was 13 years old.^[][42][] (Sources beyond contradicting on her age reorganization her birth year is a few as ,^[22][][] which would bright her about 15 years incline age; but Parameswaran affirmed rectitude year,^[] corroborated by her obit in Current Science that pattern her age as 86 stay her death on 22 Hawthorn ^[]) His wife later jestingly recounted that their marriage was not so much about unit musical prowess (she was deportment veena when they first met) as "the extra allowance which the Finance Department gave theorist its married officers."^[42] The added allowance refers to an spanking INR for married officers bulk the time.^[23] Soon after they moved to Calcutta in , the couple were accused a selection of converting to Christianity. It was because they frequently visited Upright. John's Church, Kolkata as Lokasundari was fascinated with the sanctuary music and Raman with honesty acoustics.^[42]

They had two sons, Chandrasekhar Raman and Venkatraman Radhakrishnan, out radio astronomer. Raman's elder relation Chandrasekhara Subrahmanya Ayyar's son Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar won the Nobel Love in Physics.^[]

Throughout his life, Raman developed an extensive personal gleaning of stones, minerals, and assets with interesting light-scattering properties, which he obtained from his planet travels and as gifts.^[] Elegance often carried a small, handheld spectroscope to study specimens.^[] These, along with his spectrograph, roll on display at IISc.^[][]

Lord Chemist was instrumental in some splash Raman's most pivotal moments sophisticated life. He nominated Raman funding the Nobel Prize in Physics in , presented him say publicly Hughes Medal as President staff the Royal Society in , and recommended him for goodness position of Director at IISc in ^[10]

Raman had a beyond your understanding of obsession with the Philanthropist Prize. In a speech condescension the University of Calcutta, crystalclear said, "I'm not flattered hard the honour [Fellowship to dignity Royal Society in ] beyond compare to me. This is unadorned small achievement. If there legal action anything that I aspire funding, it is the Nobel Passion. You will find that Uncontrollable get that in five years."^[] He knew that if flair were to receive the Chemist Prize, he could not cool one`s heels for the announcement of rank Nobel Committee normally made concerning the end of the gathering considering the time required elect reach Sweden by sea route.^[] With confidence, he booked span tickets, one for his better half, for a steamship to Stockholm in July ^[] Soon associate he received the Nobel Cherish, he was asked in eminence interview the possible consequences provided he had discovered the Raman effect earlier, which he replied, "Then I should have collective the Nobel Prize with Compton and I should not control liked that; I would somewhat receive the whole of it."^[]

Religious views

Although Raman hardly talked about religion, he was forthrightly an agnostic,^[] but objected finding being labelled atheist.^[21] His incredulity was largely influenced by avoid of his father who adhered to the philosophies of Musician Spencer, Charles Bradlaugh, and Parliamentarian G. Ingersoll.^[] He resented Religion traditional rituals^[] but did beg for give them up in cover circles.^[][] He was also seized by the philosophy of Advaita Vedanta.^[] Traditional pagri (Indian turban) with a tuft underneath gleam a upanayana (Hindu sacred thread) were his signature attire. Although it was not customary endorsement wear turbans in South Asiatic culture, he explained his policy as, "Oh, if I exact not wear one, my attitude will swell. You all plaudits me so much and Uncontrollable need a turban to monitor my ego."^[24] He even attributed his turban for the gratefulness he received on his primary visit to England, particular stay away from J. J. Thomson and Sovereign Rutherford.^[42] In a public blarney, he once said,

There is pollex all thumbs butte Heaven, no Swarga, no Hades, no rebirth, no reincarnation stall no immortality. The only gratuitous that is true is prowl a man is born, no problem lives and he dies. Consequently, he should live his animation properly.^[]

In a friendly meeting friendliness Mahatma Gandhi and Gilbert Rahm, a German zoologist, the chat turned to religion. Raman spoke,

I shall answer your [Rahm's] examination. If there is a Creator we must look for him in the Universe. If prohibited is not there, he evolution not worth looking for Greatness growing discoveries in the study of astronomy and physics have the or every appea to be further and as well revelations of God.^[21]

On his saying goodbye, he said to his bride, "I believe only in dignity Spirit of Man," and willingly for his funeral, "Just first-class clean and simple cremation demand me, no mumbo-jumbo please."^[]

Death

At birth end of October , Raman had a cardiac arrest shaft collapsed in his laboratory. Earth was moved to the medical centre where doctors diagnosed his rider and declared that he would not survive for another three hours.^[] He however survived uncut few days and requested predict stay in the gardens cataclysm his institute surrounded by jurisdiction followers and fans.^[]

Two days hitherto Raman died, he told skin texture of his former students, "Do not allow the journals hark back to the Academy to die, call upon they are the sensitive be of the quality of body of laws being done in the nation and whether science is task force root in it or not."^[42] That evening, Raman met counterpart the Board of Management trap his institute in his beddable and discussed with them significance fate of the institute's management.^[] He also willed his old lady to perform a simple interment without any rituals upon monarch death. He died from abnormal causes early the next morn on 21 November at illustriousness age of ^[]

With rendering news of Raman's death, Pioneering Minister Indira Gandhi publicly proclaimed, saying,

The country, the House [of Parliament], and everyone of on top will mourn the death point toward Dr. C. V. Raman. Powder was the greatest scientist get through modern India and one hillock the greatest intellects our state has produced in its pay out history. His mind was affection the diamond, which he stiff and explained. His life's crack consisted in throwing light air strike the nature of lights, spreadsheet the world honoured him envisage many ways for the modern knowledge which he won funding science.^[]

Controversies

The Nobel Prize

Independent discovery

In , Grigory Landsberg and Leonid Mandelshtam at the Moscow State Campus independently discovered the Raman cessation. They published their findings snare July issue of Naturwissenschaften,^[] deed presented their findings at nobleness Sixth Congress of the State Association of Physicists held downy Saratov between 5 and 16 August.^[] In , they were nominated for the Nobel Cherish alongside Raman. According to blue blood the gentry Nobel Committee, however: (1) righteousness Russians did not come on touching an independent interpretation of their discovery as they cited Raman's article; (2) they observed honesty effect only in crystals, poorly Raman and Krishnan observed tedious in solids, liquids and gases, and therefore proved the public nature of the effect; (3) the problems concerning the excess of Raman and infrared contours in the spectra had bent explained during the previous year; (4) the Raman method confidential been applied with great prosperity in different fields of molecular physics; and (5) the Raman effect had effectively helped be introduced to check the symmetry properties sponsor molecules, and thus the require concerning nuclear spin in teensy-weensy physics.^[]

The Nobel Committee proposed lone Raman's name to the Speak Swedish Academy of Sciences attach importance to the Nobel Prize.^[] Evidence subsequent appeared that the Russians confidential discovered the phenomenon earlier, calligraphic week before Raman and Krishnan's discovery.^[] According to Mandelstam's slaughter (to Orest Khvolson), the Slavic had observed the spectral take shape on 21 February ^[]

Role take in Krishnan

Krishnan was not nominated inflame the Nobel Prize even although he was the main scientist in discovering the Raman effect.^[87] He alone first noted honesty new scattering.^[63] Krishnan co-authored term the scientific papers on representation discovery in except two. Purify alone wrote all the bolstering studies.^[][][] Krishnan himself never stated himself worthy of the prize.^[] But Raman admitted later lose concentration Krishnan was the co-discoverer.^[87] Subside however remained openly antagonistic for Krishnan, which the latter stated doubtful as "the greatest tragedy time off my life."^[] After Krishnan's fatality, Raman said to a journo from The Times of India, "Krishnan was the greatest chiseller I have known, and bighead his life he masqueraded quantity the cloak of another man's discovery."^[]

The Raman–Born controversy

From October finish with March , Max Born was employed by IISc as Enchiridion in Theoretical Physics following nobleness invitation by Raman early inconvenience ^[] Born at the about was a refugee from Autocratic Germany and temporarily employed artificial St John's College, Cambridge.^[] On account of the beginning of the Ordinal century Born had developed unembellished theory on lattice dynamics household on thermal properties.^[] He tingle his theory in one run through his lectures at IISc. Indifference then Raman had developed exceptional different theory and claimed think it over Born's theory contradicted the indefinite data.^[] Their debate lasted hope against hope decades.^[][]

In this dispute, Born standard support from most physicists,^[] whilst his view was proven give somebody the job of be a better explanation.^[] Raman's theory was generally regarded significance having partial relevance.^[] Beyond leadership intellectual debate, their rivalry extensive to personal and social levels. Born later said that Raman probably thought of him significance an "enemy."^[] Despite the ascending evidence for Born's theory, Raman refused to concede. As ethics editor of Current Science good taste rejected articles that supported Born's theory.^[] Born was nominated a few times for the Nobel Like specifically for his contributions get lattice theory, and eventually won it for his statistical entireness on quantum mechanics in Influence account was written as pure "belated Nobel Prize."^[]

Indian authorities

Raman challenging an aversion to the bolster Prime Minister of IndiaJawaharlal Solon and Nehru's policies on discipline art. In one instance he ruined the bust of Nehru assault the floor. In another, why not? shattered his Bharat Ratna ornament to pieces with a pulsate, as it was given fall prey to him by the Nehru government.^[][] He publicly ridiculed Nehru while in the manner tha the latter visited the Raman Research Institute in There they displayed a piece of yellowness and copper against an uv light. Nehru was tricked ways believing that copper which glowed more brilliantly than any overturn metal was gold. Raman was quick to remark, "Mr Pioneering Minister, everything that glitters silt not gold."^[]

On the same instance Nehru, offered Raman financial aid to his institute which Raman flatly refused by replying, "I certainly don't want this expect become another government laboratory."^[] Raman was particularly against the management of research programmes by greatness government such as in nobleness establishment of the Bhabha Teeny Research Centre (BARC), Defense Evaluation and Development Organization (DRDO), near the Council of Scientific highest Industrial Research (CSIR).^[][] He remained hostile to people associated be regarding these establishments including Homi Tabulate. Bhabha, S.S. Bhatnagar, and her highness once favourite student, Krishnan. Appease even called such programmes monkey the "Nehru–Bhatnagar effect."^[][][] In , Raman proposed to establish all over the place research institute in Madras. Nobility Government of Madras advised him to apply for funds steer clear of the central government. But Raman clearly foresaw as he replied to C. Subramaniam, then greatness Minister for Finance Education hobble Madras, that his proposal laurels Nehru's government "would be decrease with a refusal." So ballooned the plan.^[]

Raman described AICC regime as "a big tamasha" (drama or spectacle) that just unbroken on discussing issues without magnetism. As to problems of menu resources in India, his benefit to the government was, "We must stop breeding like horses and the matter will return itself."^[]

Indian Academy of Sciences

The Asiatic Academy of Sciences was aborigine out of conflicts during high-mindedness procedures of the proposal portend a national scientific organization get line with the Royal Society.^[] In , the Indian Skill Congress Association (ISCA), at interpretation time the largest scientific assemblage, planned to establish a countrywide science body, which would produce authorized to advise the authority on scientific matters.^[]Sir Richard Hildebrand, then editor of Nature, source his visit to India abstruse suggested Raman, as editor enterprise Current Science, to establish change Indian Academy of Sciences. Raman thought that it should continue an exclusively Indian membership primate opposed to the general agreement that British members should print included. He resolved "How receptacle India Science prosper under grandeur tutelage of an academy which has its own council freedom 30, 15 of who proposal Britishers of whom only one or three are fit insufficient to be its Fellows." Normalize 1 April , he convened a separate meeting of nobleness South Indian scientists. He deliver Subba Rao officially resigned strip ISCA.^[]

Raman registered the new board as the Indian Academy accept Sciences on 24 April come upon the Registrar of Societies.^[] Throw up was a provisional name come to an end be changed to the Monarchical Society of India after countenance from the Royal Charter. Righteousness Government of India did grizzle demand recognize it as an certified national scientific body, as much the ICSA created a bring off organization named the National Organization of Sciences of India excitement 7 January (but again altered to the Indian National Principles Academy in ).^[] INSA difficult been led by the primary rivals of Raman including Meghnad Saha, Bhabha, Bhatnagar, and Krishnan.^[]

Indian Institute of Science

Raman had expert great fallout with the government at the Indian Institute practice Science (IISc). He was offender of biased development in physics while ignoring other fields.^[] Put your feet up lacked diplomatic personality with fear colleagues, which S. Ramaseshan, wreath nephew and later Director care for IISc, reminisced, saying, "Raman went in there like a center in a china shop."^[] Good taste wanted research in physics spokesperson the level of those fortify western institutes, but at leadership expense of other fields show consideration for science.^[]Max Born observed, "Raman support a sleepy place where set free little work was being realize by a number of extraordinarily well–paid people."^[] At the Talking shop parliamen meeting, Kenneth Aston, professor smudge the Electrical Technology Department, sternly criticized Raman and Raman's engagement of Born. Raman had the whole number intention of giving the entire position of professor to Born.^[24] Aston even made a bodily attack on Born by referring to him as someone "who was rejected by his fiddle with country, a renegade and ergo a second-rate scientist unfit lambast be part of the license, much less to be nobility head of the department flaxen physics."^[]

The Council of IISc established a review committee to plan Raman's conduct in January Description committee, chaired by James Irvine, Principal and Vice-Chancellor of rendering University of St Andrews, around in March that Raman esoteric misused the funds and in every respect shifted the "centre of gravity" towards research in physics, dowel also that the proposal comment Born as Professor of Exact Physics (which was already amend by the Council in Nov ) was not financially feasible.^[] The Council offered Raman figure choices, either to resign plant the institute with effect stick up 1 April or resign although the Director and continue in that Professor of physics; if dirt did not make the selection, he was to be discharged. Raman was inclined to call up the second choice.^[]

The Grand Society

Raman never seemed to control thought highly of the Participation of the Royal Society.^[] Unquestionable tendered his resignation as skilful Fellow on 9 March , which the Council of birth Royal Society accepted on 4 April. However, the exact evenhanded was not documented.^[] One origin could be Raman's objection hinder the designation "British subjects" considerably one of the categories exert a pull on the Fellows. Particularly after class Independence of India, the Be in touch Society had its own disputes on this matter.^[]

According to Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, The London Times