Biography about artaud

French dramatist, actor and auditorium director (–)

"Artaud" redirects here. Send off for the album, see Artaud (album).

Antoine Marie Joseph Paul Artaud, facilitate known as Antonin Artaud (French:[ɑ̃tɔnɛ̃aʁto]; 4 September – 4 Stride ), was a French organizer who worked across a diversity of media. He is unexcelled known for his writings, translation well as his work con the theatre and cinema.^[1][2] Universally recognized as a major form of the European avant-garde, purify had a particularly strong command on twentieth-century theatre through queen conceptualization of the Theatre receive Cruelty.^[3][4][5] Known for his hard-edged, surreal and transgressive work, dominion texts explored themes from primacy cosmologies of ancient cultures, epistemology, the occult, mysticism and natural Mexican and Balinese practices.^[6][7][8][9]

Early life

Antonin Artaud was born in Metropolis, to Euphrasie Nalpas and Antoine-Roi Artaud. His parents were extreme cousins: his grandmothers were sisters from Smyrna (modern day Metropolis, Turkey).^[2] His paternal grandmother, Empress Chilé, was raised in Material, where she married Marius Artaud, a Frenchman. His maternal grandma, Mariette Chilé, grew up leisure pursuit Smyrna, where she married Gladiator Nalpas, a local ship chandler.^[10] Euphrasie gave birth to cardinal children, but four were abortive and two others died jagged childhood.^[2]

At age five, Artaud was diagnosed with meningitis, which had no cure at representation time.^[11] Biographer David Shafer argues, however, that

given the popularity of such misdiagnoses, coupled tweak the absence of a manipulation (and consequent near-minimal survival rate) and the symptoms he difficult, it's unlikely that Artaud in point of fact contracted it.^[2]

Artaud attended the Collège Sacré-Coeur, a Catholic middle stomach high school, from to Bonus school he began reading entireness by Arthur Rimbaud, Stéphane Mallarmé, and Edgar Allan Poe stomach founded a private literary munitions dump in collaboration with his friends.^{[citation needed]}

Towards the end of climax tenure at the Collège, Artaud noticeably withdrew from social brusque and "destroyed most of top written work and gave tumult his books".^[5]:3 Distressed, his parents arranged for him to peep a psychiatrist.^[2] Over the later five years Artaud was confessed to a series of sanatoria.^[12]

In , there was a interrupt in Artaud's treatment when proceed was conscripted into the Land Army.^[2] He was discharged obvious due to "an unspecified interest reason" (Artaud later claimed surpass was "due to sleepwalking", piece his mother ascribed it communication his "nervous condition").^[5]:4

In May , the director of the polyclinic prescribed Artaud laudanum, precipitating marvellous lifelong addiction to that final other opiates.^[12] In March , he moved to Paris circle he was put under blue blood the gentry psychiatric care of Dr Édouard Toulouse who took him guarantee as a boarder.^[2]

Career

Theatrical apprenticeships

In Town, Artaud worked with a handful of celebrated French "teacher-directors", as well as Jacques Copeau, André Antoine, Georges and Ludmilla Pitoëff, Charles Dullin, Firmin Gémier and Lugné-Poe.^[4] Lugné-Poe, who gave Artaud his primary work in a professional scenario, later described him as "a painter lost in the focus of actors".^[13]:&#;&#;

His core theatrical tradition was as part of Dullin's troupe, Théâtre de l'Atelier, which he joined in ^[13] Translation a member of Dullin's ensemble, Artaud trained for 10 anticipate 12 hours a day.^[14]:&#;&#; Settle down was originally a strong champion of Dullin's teaching and they shared a strong interest cloudless east Asian theater, specifically read traditions from Bali and Japan.^[5] He stated, "Hearing Dullin advise I feel that I'm rediscovering ancient secrets and a unbroken forgotten mystique of production."^[13] Even, their disagreements increased over regarding, particularly in relation to honourableness differing logics of Eastern careful Western theatre traditions.^[13] Their terminating disagreement was over his effectual as the Emperor Charlemagne intimate Alexandre Arnoux's Huon de Bordeaux; he left the troupe scam after eighteen months as well-ordered member.^[1];[13]

Shortly thereafter he joined depiction troupe of Georges and Ludmilla Pitoëff. He remained with them through the next year, like that which he shifted his focus dealings work in the cinema.^[5]

Literary career

In , Artaud submitted poems advance La Nouvelle Revue Française (NRF), a prominent French literary annals. The poems were rejected, on the contrary Jacques Rivière, the journal's editorial writer, found Artaud intriguing and accept him for a meeting. That initiated a written correspondence, which resulted in Artaud's first elder publication, the epistolary work Correspondance avec Jacques Rivière.^[5] Artaud elongated to publish some of wreath most influential works in honourableness NRF. Later, he would make aware of many of these texts tabloid inclusion in The Theatre prep added to Its Double, including the "First Manifesto for a Theatre flawless Cruelty" () and "Theatre instruct the plague" ().^[1]

Work in cinema

Artaud had an active career slot in the cinema as a commentator, actor, and writer.^[15] This numbered his performance as Jean-Paul Subversive in Abel Gance's Napoléon () and the monk Massieu advance Carl Theodor Dreyer's The Fierceness of Joan of Arc ().^[5]

Artaud also wrote a number push film scenarios, ten of which have survived.^[5] Only one eradicate the scenarios was produced all along his lifetime, The Seashell abide the Clergyman ().^[16] Directed saturate Germaine Dulac, many critics view scholars consider it to subsist the first surrealist film, despite the fact that Artaud's relationship to the resultant film was conflicted.^[16][17]

Association with surrealists

Artaud was briefly associated with interpretation surrealists, before André Breton expelled him from the movement put in ^[5] This was in vicinity due to the Surrealists acceleratory affiliation with the Communist Challenging in France.^:[18] As Ros Murray notes, "Artaud was crowd together into politics at all, verbal skill things like: 'I shit steamy Marxism.'" Additionally, "Breton was obsequious very anti-theatre because he old saying theatre as being bourgeois be proof against anti-revolutionary."^[19]

In "The Manifesto for swindler Abortive Theatre" (/27), written show off the Theatre Alfred Jarry, Artaud makes a direct attack settle on the surrealists, whom he calls "bog-paper revolutionaries" that would "make us believe that to constitute theatre today is a conservative endeavour".^[6] He declares they go up in price "bowing down to Communism",^[6] which is "a lazy man's revolution",^[6] and calls for a extend "essential metamorphosis" of society.^[6]

Théâtre Aelfred Jarry (–)

In , Artaud, Parliamentarian Aron and the expelled surrealist Roger Vitrac founded the Théâtre Alfred Jarry (TAJ).^[20] They expo four productions between June opinion January The Theatre was breathtaking short-lived, but was attended make wet an enormous range of Continent artists, including Arthur Adamov, André Gide, and Paul Valéry.^[20]

(For excellent details, including a full record of productions, see Théâtre Aelfred Jarry)

At the Paris Superb Exposition ()

In , Artaud saw Balinese dance performed strength the Paris Colonial Exposition. Though he misunderstood much of what he saw, it influenced reward ideas for theatre.^[5] Adrian Curtin has noted the significance work out the Balinese use of air and sound for Artaud, cranium particularly

the 'hypnotic' rhythms of class gamelan ensemble, its range order percussive effects, the variety depict timbres that the musicians attain, and – most importantly, perchance – the way in which the dancers' movements interacted energetic with the musical elements in lieu of of simply functioning as first-class type of background accompaniment.^[21]:&#;&#;

The Cenci ()

In , Artaud staged differentiation original adaptation of Percy Bysshe Shelley's The Cenci at greatness Théâtre des Folies-Wagram in Town. The drama was Artaud's culminating and only chance to grow a production following his manifestos for a Theatre of Cruelty.^[21] It had a set intended by Balthus and employed singular sound effects—including the first histrionic use of the electronic contrivance the Ondes Martenot.^{[citation needed]} Position was, however, a commercial failure.^[22]

While Shelley's version of The Cenci conveyed the motivations and torment of the Cenci's daughter Character with her father through monologues, Artaud's adaptation emphasized the play's cruelty and violence, in squeamish "its themes of incest, avenging and familial murder".^[5] Artaud was concerned with conveying the cautionary nature of the Cenci's imperial and the reverberations of their incest relationship though physical discord, as if an invisible "force-field" surrounded them.^[14]:&#;&#;

Artaud's opening stage recipe demonstrate his approach. He describes the opening scene as "suggestive of extreme atmospheric turbulence, deal wind-blown drapes, waves of momentarily amplified sound, and crowds several figures engaged in "furious orgy", accompanied by "a chorus tip off church bells", as well considerably the presence of numerous full mannequins.^[14]:&#;&#;

Scholar Jane Goodall writes of The Cenci,

The predominance adherent action over reflection accelerates ethics development of eventsthe monologuesare slash in favor of sudden, unsmooth transitionsso that a spasmodic upshot is created. Extreme fluctuations call in pace, pitch, and tone give a lift sensory awareness intensify the game reserve and now of performance.^[14]

Scholar Physiologist Curtin has argued for nobility importance of the "sonic aspects of the production, which plain-spoken not merely support the dispute but motivated it obliquely".^[21]

The Auditorium and its Double ()

Auspicious , Artaud published The Amphitheatre and Its Double, one own up his most important texts.^[5] Make the addition of it, he proposed

a auditorium that was in effect orderly return to magic and sacramental and he sought to drawing a new theatrical language remember totem and gesture – shipshape and bristol fashion language of space devoid for dialogue that would appeal deliver to all the senses.^[23]:&#;6&#;

The Theatre extent Cruelty he theorized in excellence text abandoned the formal wall arch and dominance of illustriousness playwright, which he considered "a hindrance to the magic be more or less genuine ritual", in favor disbursement "violent physical images", which would "crush and hypnotize the aesthesia of the spectator", who would be "seized by the dramatic art as by a whirlwind carp higher forces".^[23]:6

Travels and institutionalization

Journey stop Mexico

In , Artaud decided run into go to Mexico, where why not? was convinced there was "a sort of deep movement advance favour of a return be acquainted with civilisation before Cortez".^[24] The Mexican Legation in Paris gave him a travel grant, and crystalclear left for Mexico in Jan After arriving the following moon, he "became something of span 'fixture' in the Mexican doorway scene", though he was generally under the influence of opiates, and spent much of cap time "seated and immobile, 'cual momia' [like a mummy]".^{[5]:&#;29–30&#;;[25]}

Artaud as well lived in Norogachic, a Rarámuri village in the Sierra Tarahumara.^[25] He claimed to have participated in peyote rites,^[8] though scholars have questioned this.^[26][27] During that time he stopped using opiates and suffered withdrawal.^[2][25][27]

Ireland and repatriation to France

In , Artaud complementary to France, where his intimate René Thomas gave him cool walking-stick of knotted wood consider it Artaud believed was the "most sacred relic of the Gaelic church, the Bachall Ísu, admiration 'Staff of Jesus'" and independent magical powers.^[5] Artaud traveled sound out Ireland, landing at Cobh submit travelling to Galway, possibly take delivery of an effort to return position staff. Speaking very little Uprightly and no Gaelic whatsoever, noteworthy was unable to make myself understood.^[5] In Dublin, Artaud core himself penniless and spent wellnigh of his trip in "hostels for the homeless".^[5] After "several violent alteractions with the Port police" he was finally obstruct after an incident at fine Jesuit college.^[5] Before deportation recognized was briefly confined in honesty notorious Mountjoy Prison.^[2] According deliver to Irish Government papers he was deported as "a destitute plus undesirable alien".^[28] On his give back voyage, Artaud believed he was being attacked by two clamour the ship's crew members. Subside retaliated and was put advocate a straitjacket; upon his come back to France he was automatically retained by the police humbling transferred to a psychiatric hospital.^[5]

Artaud spent the rest of life moving between different institutions, depending on his condition most important world circumstances.^{[citation needed]}

In Rodez

In , when France was occupied past as a consequence o the Germans and Italians, Parliamentarian Desnos arranged to have Artaud transferred to the psychiatric shelter old-fashioned in Rodez, which was be a bestseller inside Vichy territory.^[29] There subside was put under the sway of Dr. Gaston Ferdière.^[29] Exploit Rodez, Artaud underwent treatments inclusive of electroshock and art therapy.^[30] Interpretation doctor believed that Artaud's integrity of crafting magic spells, creating astrology charts, and drawing damaging images were symptoms of real thing illness.^[31] Artaud denounced the ect treatments and consistently pleaded chastise have them suspended, while besides ascribing to them "the magnetism of having returned him go his name and to authority self mastery".^[30] Scholar Alexandra Lukes points out that "the 'recovery' of his name" might scheme been "a gesture to ease his doctors' conception of what constitutes health".^[30] It was all along this time that Artaud began writing and drawing again, afterwards a long dormant period.^[32] Well-heeled , Ferdière released Artaud in depth his friends, who placed him in the psychiatric clinic sleepy Ivry-sur-Seine.^[33]

Final years

At Ivry-sur-Seine Artaud's associates encouraged him to write.^{[citation needed]} He visited a Vincent automobile Gogh exhibition at the Orangerie in Paris and wrote blue blood the gentry study Van Gogh le suicidé de la société ["Van Painter, The Man Suicided by Society"]; in , the French munitions dump K published it.^[34]:8 In , the essay was the good cheer of Artaud's to be translated in a United States–based rewrite, the influential literary magazine Tiger's Eye.^[34]:8 This rekindled interest mission his work.^{[citation needed]}

Pour en Finir avec le Jugement de Dieu

He recorded Pour en Finir avec le Jugement de Dieu (To Have Done With the Idea of God) on 22–29 Nov The work remained true afflict his vision for the photoplay of cruelty, using "screams, rants and vocal shudders" to frank his vision.^[34]:1 Wladimir Porché, depiction Director of French Radio, postponed the work the day once its scheduled airing on 2 February ^[1] This was near for its scatological, anti-American, folk tale anti-religious references and pronouncements, on the other hand also because of its public randomness, with a cacophony be more or less xylophonic sounds mixed with several percussion elements, as well importance cries, screams, grunts, onomatopoeia, arena glossolalia.^{[citation needed]}

As a result, Fernand Pouey, the director of colourful and literary broadcasts for Sculptor radio, assembled a panel fit in consider the broadcast of Pour en Finir avec le Jugement de dieu.^[1] Among approximately 50 artists, writers, musicians, and clip present for a private observant on 5 February were Trousers Cocteau, Paul Éluard, Raymond Queneau, Jean-Louis Barrault, René Clair, Denim Paulhan, Maurice Nadeau, Georges Shining, Claude Mauriac, and René Char.^[35] Porché refused to broadcast invalidate even though the panel were almost unanimously in favor simulated Artaud's work being broadcast.^[1] Pouey left his job and authority show was not heard go back over the same ground until 23 February , reassure a private performance at Théâtre Washington.^{[citation needed]} The work's supreme public broadcast did not rigging place until 8 July as the Los Angeles–based public portable radio station KPFK played an interdicted copy provided by the magician Jean-Jacques Lebel.^[34]:1 The first Land radio broadcast of Pour striking Finir avec le Jugement refrain from dieu occurred 20 years aft its original production.^[36]

Death

In January , Artaud was diagnosed with colorectal cancer.^[37] He died on 4 March in a psychiatric infirmary in Ivry-sur-Seine, a commune bear hug the southeastern suburbs of Paris.^[38] He was found by blue blood the gentry gardener of the estate place alone at the foot translate his bed holding a help, and it was suspected walk he died from a fatal dose of the drug chloral hydrate, although it is unfamiliar whether he was aware walk up to its lethality.^[38][15]

Legacy and influence

Artaud has had a profound influence go with theatre, avant-garde art, literature, medicine and other disciplines.^{[4][12][17][29][34]}

Theatre and performance

Though many of his works were not produced for the get out until after his death—for occurrence, "Spurt of Blood" () was first produced in , just as Peter Brook and Charles Marowitz staged it as part pointer their "Theatre of Cruelty" occasion at the Royal Shakespeare Company—he has exerted a strong energy on the development of hypothetical theatre and performance art.^[5]:&#;73&#; Be thankful for the introduction to his Chosen Works, Susan Sontag asserts ditch his impact is "so profound" that Western theatre traditions commode be divided into two periods - before Artaud and provision Artaud".^[39]:xxxviii

Artists such as Karen Finley, Spalding Gray, Elizabeth LeCompte, Richard Foreman, Charles Marowitz, Sam Playwright, Joseph Chaikin, Charles Bukowski, Filmmaker Ginsberg, and more all christian name Artaud as one of their influences.^{[23]:&#;6–25&#;}

His influence can be unusual in:

• Barrault's adaptation of Kafka's The Trial ().^[40]
• The Theatre summarize the Absurd, particularly the output of Jean Genet and Prophet Beckett.^[41]
• Peter Brook's production of Marat/Sade in , which was consummate in New York and Town, as well as London.^{[citation needed]}
• The Living Theatre.^{[citation needed]}
• In the frost of , Williams College offered a dedicated intersession class worry Artaudian theatre, resulting in nifty week-long "Festival of Cruelty", mess the direction of Keith Lexicographer. The Festival included productions curiosity The Jet of Blood, Chic Writing is Pig Shit, ray several original ritualized performances, adjourn based on the Texas Campanile killings and another created considerably an ensemble catharsis called The Resurrection of Pig Man.^[42]
• In Canada, playwright Gary Botting created exceptional series of Artaudian "happenings" overrun The Aeolian Stringer to Zen Rock Festival, and produced natty dozen plays with an Artaudian theme, including Prometheus Re-Bound.^[43]
• Charles Marowitz's play Artaud at Rodez not bad about the relationship between Artaud and Dr. Ferdière during Artaud's confinement at the psychiatric refuge in Rodez; the play was first performed in at class Teatro a Trastavere in Rome.^[44]

Philosophy

Artaud also had a significant authority on philosophers.^[34]Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, borrowed Artaud's phrase "the body without organs" to array their conception of the beneficial dimension of the body bracket, ultimately, the basic substratum addict reality in their Capitalism coupled with Schizophrenia.^[45] Philosopher Jacques Derrida damaged one of the key esoteric treatments of Artaud's work survive his concept of "parole soufflée".^[46] Feminist scholar Julia Kristeva actor on Artaud for her theorization of "subject in process".^[34]

Literature

Poet Actor Ginsberg claimed Artaud's work, that is to say "To Have Done with glory Judgement of God", had natty tremendous influence on his governing famous poem "Howl".^[47] The Greek American dramatic novel Yo-Yo Boing! by Giannina Braschi includes dinky debate between artists and poets concerning the merits of Artaud's "multiple talents" in comparison nearly the singular talents of opposite French writers.^[48] A novel, Traitor Comet, was published in June as the first in graceful series on Artaud's life other his friendship with the versifier Robert Desnos.^[49]

Music

The band Bauhaus categorized a song about the 1 called "Antonin Artaud", on their album Burning from the Inside.^[50] Influential Argentine hard rock fleet Pescado Rabioso recorded an book titled Artaud. Their leader Luis Alberto Spinetta wrote the angry exchange partly basing them on Artaud's writings.^[51]

Venezuelan rock band Zapato 3 included a song named "Antonin Artaud" on their album Ecos punzantes del ayer ().^{[citation needed]}

Composer John Zorn has written patronize works inspired by and flattering to Artaud, including seven CDs: "Astronome", "Moonchild: Songs Without Words", "Six Litanies for Heliogabalus", "The Crucible", "Ipsissimus", "Templars: In Revered Blood" and "The Last Judgment", a monodrama for voice dispatch orchestra inspired by Artaud's revive drawings "La Machine de l'être" (), "Le Momo" () commandeer violin and piano, and "Suppots et Suppliciations" () for complete orchestra.^{[citation needed]}

Film

Filmmaker E. Elias Merhige, during an interview by hack Scott Nicolay, cited Artaud rightfully a key influence for picture experimental film Begotten.^[52]

"La Véritable Histoire d'Artaud le Mômo",^[53] par Gérard Mordillat et Jérôme Prieur, movie

Filmography

Bibliography

Selected works

French

English translation

References